As a fan of Japanese history, the owner of a Japanese history blog, and the owner of a samurai themed roleplay website I get asked about Japanese history quite a bit. Aside from “Who is your favorite unifier?” and “Who would you side with at Sekigahara?” I think the question I get asked frequently is “What happened to the Oda after Nobunaga’s death?” so today I want to dive into it.
Obviously talking a family’s entire history is difficult and we have to specify what we are talking about here. Now, when some people say Oda Clan they mean Nobunaga’s entire military force. The Oda family, the Maeda, the Shibata, Niwa, Toyotomi, all of the combined forces. We are going to cover those families a bit but not in depth as they all had their own separate fates. Primarily I want to focus on the following list of people
1. Oda Nobunaga - The man himself. He needs no introduction.
2. No/Kicho - Nobunaga’s wife and the daughter of Saito Dosan.
3. Oda Nobutada - Nobunaga’s eldest son. The heir apparent.
4. Oda Nobukatsu - Nobunaga’s second son. The survivor.
5. Oda Nobutaka - Nobunaga’s third son. Full of Oda Pride.
6. Oda Hidekatsu - Nobunaga’s fourth son. A victim of fate.
7. Oda Katsunaga - Nobunaga’s fifth son. We don’t know much about him.
8. Oda Hidenobu - Nobutada’s son. Nobunaga’s grandson.
Now, Nobunaga did have daughters but sadly their fates don’t really tie into the fate of the Oda Clan as a whole as they had all been married off so we won’t be discussing them in great detail. We also won’t be discussing the three daughters of Nobunaga’s younger sister Oichi. I will, however, encourage you to look up Nobunaga and his family members. They are fairly interesting people.
Since this is focusing on the clan after Honnō-ji let's talk about the event itself and check some of those names off of our list. The Honnō-ji Incident itself happened in 1582 in Kyoto. Nobunaga’s retainer Akechi Mitsuhide surrounded the temple of Honnō-ji that Nobunaga was staying at and his troops burned the temple to the ground causing the death of Nobunaga, several soldiers, and many of Nobunaga’s family and persona guard. Not one to leave his fate in the hands of others it is believed that during the siege of Honnō-ji, instead of letting the enemy take his head Nobunaga instead committed seppuku. Some people that it was his retainer Mori Ranmaru that acted as his second.
Next we have his beloved wife lady Kicho. Sadly Japanese history doesn’t keep good account of the fate of women in the Sengoku Period but we can guess at her fate. Some people theorize she may have broken the siege at Honnō-ji and went to Tokugawa Ieyasu, or Toyotomi Hideyoshi, for help. Sadly this is unlikely. As you will discover later in this post if Hideyoshi had Nobunaga’s wife relying on him for protection he would have used that to his advantage and we would have countless records of her presence. Ieyasu would likely be the same. Some theories even say she ran all the way to Mino to hide but again, her ability to move out of the Akechi siege seem unlikely. More than likely she died with her husband. During this battle Nobutada (1st son) and Katsunaga (5th son) would also be killed fighting to protect their father. Nobutada’s death is the important thing here as he was Nobunaga’s eldest son.
After Honnō-ji the traitor general Akechi Mitsuhide would be killed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. At this point Nobunaga’s forces would stop trying to expand his area of control and the Oda lands and retainers split between Oda Nobukatsu (2nd son) and Oda Nobutaka (3rd son). It was during this split that Toyotomi Hideyoshi summoned Nobunaga’s sons and retainers together. At this meeting, now known as “The Kiyosu Kaigi” or “The Kiyosu Accords”, Hideyoshi declared that neither son would control the Oda. Instead the Oda clan’s lands would be split among it’s retainers and the Oda clan heir would actually be the young baby Oda Hidenobu, the son of Nobunaga’s first son Nobutada. Of course, since he was just a baby, Hideyoshi would then appoint himself as young Hidenobu’s regent and thus now be in control of the Oda clan. This made Shibata Katsuie, Nobunaga’s prized general and husband of his sister Oichi, declare war on Hideyoshi while backing Nobutaka (3rd son) to be the next ruler of the Oda. Nobukatsu chose to back Hideyoshi in exchange for keeping some of the Oda Clan lands. Hideyoshi would end up winning this war and Katsuie, as well as Nobunaga’s beloved sister Oichi, would die. His only backing Oda Elder now dead Nobunaga’s third son Nobutaka would be forced to live the rest of his life in exile and history would lose track of him.
This leaves only a few people left on our list. Nobukatsu (2nd son), Hidekatsu (4th son), and Hidenobu (grandson). Since we haven’t brought him up yet let's talk about Hidekatsu. I have named him Oda HIdekatsu here to show his relation to Nobunaga but actually his name was Hashiba Hidekatsu! The young man who held Oda Nobunaga’s memorial tablet at his funeral was actually Hideyoshi’s adopted son. He sided with Hideyosh to defeat Mitsuhide, and even joined Hideyoshi in defeating Katsuie. Sadly we don’t know much about him. Though we do believe he died only a few years after Nobunaga. Many rumors say that he may have been killed by Hideyoshi himself in an attempt to solidify his control over the remnants of the Oda Clan and to make sure the boy wouldn’t be a challenge. This leave us with two Oda men left. The Second Son Nobukatsu and the Grandson Hidenobu. As Hideyoshi took complete control of what was once the Oda domain Nobukatsu turned to Ieasyu to aid him in regaining the Oda Clan’s lost glory. Sadly Ieyasu lost at the great battle of Komaki and Nagakute. This forced the Tokugawa to become subservient to the Toyotomi and after a complete souring of their relations Nobukatsu was forced to become a monk.
Near the end of his life, however, Hideyoshi seemed to forgive Hidekatsu and restored some of the Oda’s lands to him. Meanwhile the infant Hidenobu stayed with Hideyoshi. However, soon after this Hideyoshi would pass away and Tokugawa Ieyasu rose up to claim Japan as his own. This would cause the battle of Sekighara in 1600. At this time Nobukatsu became the Guardian of Hideyoshi’s son Hideyori while Hidenobu was put in charge of protecting Gifu Castle. Gifu was the home castle of the Oda Clan and startioned near the Tokugawa’s territory. At the Tokugawa forced advanced on Toyotomi lands Gifu fell easily to Ieyasu and all of Hidenobu’s retainers committed suicide. However, Hidenobu himself was not killed nor told to commit sepuku. Things get a bit fuzzy here for the young man but it is believed he died five years later in 1605.
This leaves Oda Nobukatsu, Nobunaga’s second son, as the final survivor on our list. After everything Hideyoshi had done in order to take over the Oda clan and it’s territories I’m sure some people find it strange that after their falling out Nobukatsu would come back, serve the Toyotomi, and even be the guardian of Hideyoshi’s son. In many ways Oda Hidenobu’s life was the life of a survivor who did what he felt he needed to in order to live through the time period. This would hold true at the final clash of the Toyotomi and Tokugawa forces at the Siege of Osaka in 1615. in 1615, he would betray the Toyotomi clan and surrender to Tokugawa Ieyasu. Because of this betrayal he would end up doing better than most of the Toyotomi clan and it’s loyalists. Nobukatsu was allowed to be a provincial lord during the Edo period. Not only would he live the rest of his life in relative comfort in a Japan no longer at war but would make sure that the Oda clan continued on through the generations. In fact, Nobukatsu’s bloodline goes all the way up to modern times! His descendant Oda Nobutoshi, and Nobutoshi’s son, Oda Suemaru actually acted as provincial lords at the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868! Today, many people can be found in Japan who can trace their family lines directly back to Oda Nobunaga through Nobukatsu’s family line. While Oda Nobukatsu is seen as kind of a bad general, a coward, and an opportunist. However, it isn’t a stretch to say that through the efforts of Nobukatsu the Oda Clan survive to this very day!
I covered a lot of time with this post and several major meetings, figures, and battles. I really hope you guys will check out the hyperlinks I’ve put in this post and take it upon yourselves to learn more about these amazing topics! While Wikipedia certainly isn’t the best source for verified academic info it is a great place to start and to get general ideas of people, events, etc. so go ahead and check them out! Have a great night everyone, and stay safe!