The Reformation was a time of great religious turmoil. It began in Germany and gradually spread throughout Europe, developing into new religions as people broke away from the Catholic Church. These new changes led to conflict, including war, and violence in the name of religion, but with underlying political motives.
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95 Theses: Written by Martin Luther, this document argued that indulgences had no Scriptural basis and that the Pope was wrong
Absenteeism: Failing to attend and oversee one's church
Amsterdam: Located in the United Provinces, this city was the economic hub of Europe after the fall of Antwerp.
Anabaptism: This religion believed in adult baptism. They were religiously tolerant and were pacifists, meaning that they hated war and violence and favored peace. They were widely persecuted and believed in the separation of the church and the state.
Antwerp: A city in modern day Belgium which was the trade and commerce/financial hub of Europe until it fell
Bohemian Phase: Catholic League and Protestant Union fight in Bohemia for independence from Hapsburg rule. The protestants were defeated at the Battle of the White Mountain which allowed the Catholics to control Bohemia and win this phase
Catholic League: Formed by the Catholic Princes in the Thirty Years War
Charles V: The Holy Roman Emperor. He was Flemish which helped him to unite the Netherlands. When he retired, he gave his son, Philip II the Low Countries which the people did not like because Philip was Spanish
Clerical Pluralism: Holding more than one church office at once
Columbus: Columbus sailed for Spain in 1492. He enslaved natives, cruelly governed the Spanish Caribbean, founded Hispaniola, and wanted religious expansion
Concordat of Bologna: Passed by Francis I, this treaty gave France the power to appoint bishops while acknowledging the authority of the Pope
Consubstantiation: A Lutheran belief that the bread and wine remains bread and wine during communion, but the spirit of Christ is present.
Danish Phase: King Christian IV of Denmark began leading the Protestant Union but his forces were weak and instead allowed the Catholics to capture much of Northern Germany, Denmark, and bits of Sweden and win
Diet of Worms: A trial for Martin Luther held by Charles V which commanded him to withdraw his ideas and obey the Church. Luther refused because it had no Scriptural basis. He was declared an outlaw and sought refuge with Duke Frederick of Saxony
Dutch East India Company: Formed by the Dutch, it allowed the Netherlands to imperialize nations and expel the Portuguese from Ceylon. By 1650, it dominated African and American trade
Edict of Restitution: Law established during the Danish Phase of the Thirty Years War which granted the Catholics property which protestants had taken but also only allowed Catholicism and Lutheranism to be practiced, no Calvinism.
Edward VI: Son of Jane Seymour who was the boy King of England
Elizabeth I: Daughter of Anne Boleyn, she converted England back to Protestantism and restored balance to England.
Elizabethan Settlements: Laws established by Elizabeth I which said that everyone had to attend the Anglican Church, but could practice whatever religion they wanted in private
Escorial: The palace in which Philip II of Spain lived in. It had a window overlooking the monastery which also served as the Hapsburg tomb
Francis I: Valois monarch who centralized his power by putting all of France under the jurisdiction of the royal courts of law
French/International Phase: The French sided with the Protestants in order to weaken the Hapsburgs and increase France's status. Protestants won.
Genevan Consistory: A group of people in Geneva that was extremely strict and punished everything and anything. It authorized the use of torture to get confessions and banished and executed dozens of people.
Gluckel of Hameln: A Jewish widow who lived in Germany. She was a devout Jew who wrote a lot and used to be married to a successful businessman. She was able to use her knowledge to find her sons jobs and daughters dowries.
Hernando Cortez: A Spanish conquistador who took over the Aztec Empire and conquered Mexico
Huguenots: French Calvinists
Jesuits: Formed by Ignatius Loyola, this new religious order which went to the New World, Brazil, India, and Japan to educate people about Catholicism. They taught the sons of nobles.
Johann Tetzel: A Dominican friar who was hired to sell indulgences by the Catholic Church in Germany
John Calvin: He formed the Calvinist Church in Geneva, Switzerland and made it a theocracy. He wrote the Genevan Catechism which taught adults and children about religion and how to live their daily lives.
John Knox: He led the Reformation in Scotland after working in Geneva with Calvin. He persuaded the Scottish Parliament to end the authority of the Pope and then created the Presbyterian Church based on Calvinism.
King Henry IV: This king was also Henry of Navarre. He converted from Protestantism to Catholicism because the majority of France was Catholic and he wanted them to remain loyal.
King James Bible: Also known as the Authorized Bible, it was published under the rule of King James I of England and was written in English. It helped to standardize the English language and encouraged people outside the clergy to read the Scriptures. It was taken to the New World.
Magellan: The greatest man on earth only comparable to Jesus himself... He went to the Spice Islands and though he was killed, his crew was able to circumnavigate the globe
Martin Luther: A German friar who was responsible for the Protestant Reformation
Mary "Bloody Mary" Tudor: Daughter of Catherine of Aragon, she attempted to reconvert England back to Catholicism and ended up killing hundreds of Protestants.
Michael Servetus: A Spanish Humanist who fled the Spanish Inquisition and went to Geneva. He believed in adult baptism and denied the existence of the Trinity. Calvin had his burned at the stake for heresy
Michel de Montaigne: A French skeptic who retired young and took to questioning the world around him. He wrote down his ideas in a new form of writing he created called the essay
Peace of Augsburg: A law which allowed the German Princes to choose their own religion, either Lutheranism or Catholicism. The north was primarily Lutheran while the south remained Catholic.
Pizarro: A Spanish conquistador who took over the Incan Empire and conquered Peru, gaining access to silver mines
Politiques: Those who put politics above religion
Predestination: The Calvinist belief that God has already decided that you are going to heaven or hell even before you are born
Price Revolution: The economic collapse of Spain due to heavy inflation from importing so much silver. Spain didn't have a strong middle class so it couldn't keep up with the other countries and was spending too much and not exporting enough goods.
Prince Henry the Navigator: A Portuguese prince who set up schools
Protestant Union: Formed by the Lutheran Princes in the Thirty Years War
Quinto: The monarchy took 1/5 of all silver mined in South America
Seige of Constantinope: In 1453, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, blocking direct trade routes to Asia and cutting off the European Slave Trade
Shakespeare: Wrote plays that communicated the problems and ideas during the time. Often performed for Queen Elizabeth, Wrote Macbeth, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, etc.
Spanish Armada: Philip II sent a fleet of ships up to the Netherlands, prepared to fight the English. While crossing the channel, the English attacked and the Armada was sunk mostly due to bad weather and luck
Spiritual Exercises: A book written by Ignatius Loyola which aimed to reform people back into devout Catholics
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: During the marriage of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Henry of Navarre, Henry of Guise had Admiral Gaspard de Coligny attacked and killed. Catholics began to slaughter the unsuspecting Huguenots.
Stadholders: Representatives appointed by the States General who were responsible for each province. They were accountable for defense, peace, and ceremonial functions
States General: A Dutch Federal assembly that dealt with foreign affairs like war but still had to discuss with the Estates before making decisions and taking action
Swabian Peasant Revolt: After crop failures and bad harvest, peasants revolted and drafted the Twelve Articles which outlined what they wanted from nobles. For example, they wanted less harsh labor, more pay, the right to hunt and cut down trees, and for the nobles to give back communal land. They argued that their beliefs were supported by the Scripture and that Martin Luther would agree.At first he did, but when things got violent he allowed the nobles to crack down. Though the peasants lost, they did receive some economic improvement and regained communal land.
Swedish Phase: Gustavus Adolphus, the father of modern warfare, took over for the Protestants and regained much of the land that was lost under King Christian IV. He was a strong leader who trained his army and used muskets. When he died at the Battle of Lutzen, his army fell apart and the Catholics took back much of what was regained.
Teresa of Avila: A Spanish theologian. She became a saint for her work in reforming the Carmelite Convent of the Incarnation and 14 other nunneries
The Act of Restraint of Appeals: A law which stated that the King had power over England, not the Pope
The Book of Common Prayer: Published under the reign of King Edward VI, Archbishop Cranmer wrote this book which established how services in the English Church was to be run.
The Catholic Reformation: Spiritual and administrative renewal of the Catholic Church
The Council of Blood: A tribunal created by Philip II to control the Dutch Revolt. They were violent and executed hundreds of people for refusing to obey
The Council of Trent: A council held by Pope Paul III with a purpose to reform the church and address Protestantism.
The Counter-Reformation: Took place after 1540 in which Catholics tried to convince people to come back to the church in response to the rise of Protestantism
The Defenestration of Prague: After Catholic King Ferdinand of Bohemia closed Protestant churches, two of his officials were thrown out of a castle window in Prague, igniting the Thirty Years War
The Edict of Nantes: Published by King Henry IV, this law gave the Huguenots the right to practice their religion in 150 towns
The Holy Office: A Catholic organization that used violence to punish heretics
The Index of Prohibited Books: A list of texts which contained radical or banned ideas created by the Catholic Church to stem the spread of Protestant ideas
The Institutes of the Christian Religion: Written by John Calvin which detailed Calvinist belief that God was the omnipotent ruler.
The Peace of Westphalia: in 1648, this treaty was signed that ended the Thirty Years War. It recognized the sovereignty of 300 German states, established France as an international power, recognzied the United Prvinces, denied the Pope the right to mess with German affairs, allowed Calvinism to be practiced, and made it so that the Hapsburgs could never unify Germany
The Roman Inquisition: A group of 6 cardinals led by Cardinal Caraffa which had the authority to arrest, imprison, and execute anyone suspected of heresy. They accepted hearsay and often used torture.
The Supremacy Act: Established by King Henry VIII, this law declared him to be the head of the English Church
The Tridentine Decrees: The results of the Council of Trent which reaffirmed the 7 sacraments, transubstantiation, required bishops to live in their diocese, forbade indulgences, and made the clergy get educated not only in the Bible and Scriptures, but in Latin as well
Transubstantiation: A Catholic belief that when the priest speaks at Mass, the communion bread and wine becomes the flesh and blood of Christ
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis: The treaty which ended the Hapsburg-Valois Wars in 1559
Ulrich Zwingli: A swiss humanist who began the Reformation in Switzerland. He was elected the People's Priest at the New Minister in Zurich. He relied on Erasmus' New Testament and agreed with Luther on most things except for the Eucharist.
Union of Utrecht: The northern 7 provinces came together led by Holland under this title and declared independence from Spain in 1581
Ursaline Order of Nuns: Formed by Angela Merici, this new religious order sought to educate young girls and women. Despite facing opposition from the Church, the Pope finally allowed them to practice. They even taught in France and the New World
Viceroyalties: The four governing sections which the Spanish divided the New World into, ruled by viceroys
War of the 3 Henrys: A civil war fought between Catholic Henry of Guise, Catholic King Henry III, and Protestant Henry of Navarre. Henry III was so focused on wanted to destroy Henry of Guise who wanted to be King that they each killed each other, leaving Henry of Navarre the winner and new king of France
William of Orange: A protestant leader who led the Dutch revolt
