The method of Hegelâs Phenomenology of Spiritâhis first masterpiece and the work of his I will be using more than any otherâis to examine an idea on its own terms, letting that idea present its best arguments and develop itself until it unwittingly exposes its own limitations and self-contradictions, thus overcoming itself. Rather than refuting a theory from the outside, employing external criteria it never intended to meet and would not accept, Hegelâs technique is to show how theories fail to meet their own standards, thus begging no questions. âIf the refutation is thorough, it is derived and developed from the principle itself, not accomplished by counter-assertions and random thoughts from outside. The refutation would, therefore, properly consist in the further development of the principle, and in thus remedying the defectivenessâ (Hegel, PS 13, §24; see also Gadamer 1976a, 5). As with the thought of many of the idealists, much of Hegelâs thought can be viewed as just this kind of internal refutation.through extension of Kant. As Tom Rockmore puts it, âAlthough he rejects the letter of Kantâs critical philosophy, Hegel participates in the post- Kantian effort ⊠to elaborate its spirit by thinking with Kant against Kantâ (Denker and Vater 2003, 339). Hegel starts from Kantâs position, but finds it internally inconsistent as well as unsatisfying for other reasons. He ends up extending it far beyond the limitations Kant imposed, but to where he thinks Kant should have gone had he consistently followed out his own best insights. Hegelâs idealism is less a rejection of Kantâs thought than its completion or fulfillment by working out flaws that even Kant should recognize; in other words, Hegelâs thought is one enormous Aufhebung. According to Merold Westphal, âHegelâs philosophy [takes] the form of a continuous debate
with the critical philosophy; and we should not be too surprised when
he defines philosophy as the refutation of Kant.â1 Hegelâs task is to be the Kant that Kant should have been were he sufficiently free of presuppositions to follow his own insights to their proper conclusions. Interestingly, Kant himself once described his own project as just this kind of overcomingthrough- extension of his great predecessor, Hume: âIf we start from a wellfounded, but undeveloped, thought which another has bequeathed to us, we may well hope by continued reflection to advance farther than the acute man to whom we owe the first spark of lightâ (Kant, PFM 8/260).