Any credible academic book on the French Revolution should be able to tell you that Robespierre was never the supreme dictator of France; it is just factually untrue. If they make claims that imply he was, they didnāt actually do their research.
Hilaire Bellocās 1927 biography of Robespierre is not remotely favorable to him, but I do think he describes the issue very succinctly here:
And this was written in 1927!! Almost a hundred years later and the same old myths are still being repeated.
I donāt actually recommend this bio because Belloc gets very grating with his constant railing on Robespierre for what are clearly just symptoms of autism, but a more modern bio I do recommend is Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life by Peter McPhee. McPhee has also written a general overview of the revolution in Liberty of Death, but that is a VERY dense book and not for casuals.
For a more detailed look at the 11 other men who ruled France WITH Robespierre in the Committee of Public Safety, RR Palmerās Twelve Who Ruled is a classic. For an exploration of how the whole concept of the Reign of Terror is mostly retroactive propaganda, see Terror: The French Revolution and Its Demons by Michael Biard and Marisa Linton.
For something more fun (at least, I thought it was a fun page turner), The Kingās Trial by David P. Jordan focuses specifically on Louis XVIās trial, but shows that the Girondins were the ones who provoked the Montagnards and backed themselves into a corner with their sheer incompetence instead of the popular narrative that the Montagnards went after the Girondins because of fanatical bloodthirst.Ā Its descriptions of the revolutionaries are also hilarious. It roasts EVERYONE.
Another book thatās not about Robespierre but I think is an important testament to how the most committed of the revolutionary Left were demonized is Jean-PaulĀ Marat: Tribune of the French Revolution by Clifford D. Conner. Marat gets popularly portrayed as a failed scientist who turned to aggressive political writing as, idk, revenge on society on something, but he, along with Robespierre and Saint-Just, were in fact three of the only clean political leaders of the time. They neverĀ took any bribes, meant everything they said, were genuinely committed to progressive change, yet they got branded with the worst reputations over people like Danton, who was corrupt af but gets painted as the only sensible leftist who tried heroically to stop the Terror.
Now, what NOT to take seriously:
- Anything written by Simon Schama (conservative and borderline royalist but pretends like heās unbiased)
- Fatal Purity by Ruth Scurr (falls into the same tendency as Belloc to make weird negative psychoanalyses of Robespierre simply because she canāt stand what he was like as a person)
- Alfred Cobban and other revisionists (the Cold War inspired a lot of reactionary takes)
- The BBC documentary (do not trust what the British have to say about the Revolution) (it was hilariously gay though, see here for a compilation of its gay moments)
- The History Channel documentary (wrote Robespierre as their gigachad tragic villain OC responsible for the entire Revolution??)
- ALL pop history videos on YouTube about the Revolution (they all suck, ALL OF THEM, I am in the process of remedying this)
- ALL movies about it currently accessible in English. The only satisfactory adaptation is La Terreur et la Vertu (1964), and itās not subbed yet.
Season 3 of Mike Duncanās Revolutions podcast is often brought up as a good comprehensive introduction to the French Revolution, and it is, but just beware that he portrays Marat, Robespierre, and Saint-Just in undeservingly negative ways because he used historians like Schama and Scurr as part of his sources. Otherwise, itās decent.
The ONLY non-terrible documentary is the Nilaya one that was filmed like The Office, which can be watched here, but even that I had to add annotations for deeper context to the Robespierrists vs Dantonists conflict. This is the thing about the French Revolution: thereās a lot the revolutionaries did and said that seem absolutely bonkers and are often cited by writers to make whoever they donāt like look horrible, but context is everything. Their words and actions MUST be placed in their proper contexts to be truly understood.