Hey Emma Teach @heyemmateach - Tumblr Blog

Hi everyone! I realised I had this awesome cheat sheet of over 100+ HSC Japanese grammar structures that I used to ace my HSC exams! This is useful for anyone currently studying Japanese.

This is a complete list of all the grammar structures you learn in senior HSC and that you need to use to score a Band 6 in all reading, writing, listening and speaking tasks! The more structures you use the better! Enjoy!!

Download as a single handy A4 page printable!

1. ～て

2. And　て。。。

3. But　が・けれども

4. About　。。。のこと・。。。について

5. Present form　～ている

6. Called　という

7. I’ll go and…　～て来る

8. Comparing　どちら・どれ・方

9. The most　一番。。。

10. Than　。。。より

11. Plain form

12. Because　。。。から

13. Probably　。。。でしょう・だろう

14. I think　。。。と思う

15. To become　～くなる・「に」なる

16. Verb plain forms

17. I’ve heard　。。。そう

18. It seems　～そう

19. Adverbs　～そうな・～そうに

20. Because (verbs)　。。。から

21. Because　。。。ので

22. After　～てから

23. From… To…　。。。から。。。まで

24. But (plain)　が・けれども

25. Having, taking, bringing　持って～・つれて～

26. That much　こんなに・そんなに・あんなに

27. I think (verbs)　。。。と思う

28. Giving　あげる・くれる

29. Doing favours　～てあげる・～てくれる

30. Before/After　前｢に｣・後｢で｣

31. Probably (plain)　。。。でしょう・だろう

32. Beginning　～だす・～はじめる

33. Doing a variety of things　～たり～たりする

34. Purpose　～に

35. When　。。。時

36. I have to　～なければ　ならない・いけない

37. Don’t/Without/Instead of　～ないで

38. Negative　～て

39. Because　～て。。。

40. I’m glad　～てよかった

41. Quoting　。。。と言う

42. Try　～てみる

43. Completely　～てしまう

44. Dropping particles

45. Relative clauses

46. If/When　～たら

47. I hope　～たらいい

48. Past experiences　～たことがある

49. Easy/Hard to do　～やすい・～にくい

50. If/When　。。。と

51. Audible/Visible　聞こえる・見える

52. Whether or not　～かどうか

53. While　～ながら

54. Decisions　。。。ことにする・ことになる

55. Volitional form　～ましょう

56. Volitional form (plain)　～「お」う

57. Intentions　～｢お｣うと思う

58. How to　～かた

59. Too much　～すぎる

60. Seems like　～よう

61. Intentions　。。。つもり

62. And　。。。し

63. Verbs into nouns　の・こと

64. の・こと　。。。は。。。です

65. ～のです・～んです

66. Receiving　～てもらう

67. Nouns into descriptive nouns　～てき「な」

68. Potential form　～「え」る

69. Potential (sentences)　。。。が　～「え」る

70. While　うち・間

71. If　～ば

72. Giving advice　～た方がいい・～ない方がいい

73. As many as　。。。も

74. Even if　～ても

75. Permission not to　～なくてもいい

76. Perhaps　。。。かもしれない

77. Something　何か

78. Nothing/Anything　何も。。。ない

79. Only　。。。しか。。。ない

80. Purpose/So that　ように

81. I can　。。。ことができる

82. Seems　みたい

83. よう・みたい

84. Even though　。。。のに

85. Ending　～おわる

86. Instructions　～なさい

87. Adjectives to nouns　～さ

88. Expectations　はず

89. If　なら

90. No matter what　～ても

91. Seems　～らしい

92. Not as… as…　ほど

93. Quoting requests　～ように言う

94. Comparing actions

95. Embedded questions

96. Purpose　ために

97. Transitive/Intransitive verbs

98. Some are… others are…　～たり～たりする

99. Relative clauses (nouns)

100. You must not　～てはいけない・だめ

101. Giving/receiving　～ていただく・～てくださる・～てやる

102. Anything/Everything　何でも

103. Purpose　のに

@learnjp @nihongogogo @kanjikiwi @rendakud @thatlanguageguy @studying-conversation I hope you guys don’t mind me tagging! (^人^;) ゴメン I thought you and your followers may find it useful :)

Latest MasterPosts: New Years Resolutions Masterpost + Mind Map Tips + Awesome Things to Look Forward To At College/Uni + Bujo Ideas Masterpost

Follow optomstudies for daily original posts and study masterposts! Links: all originals + langblr posts + 15-part college 101 series + web directory!

#japanese #long

jibunstudies

For those of you that might travel to Japan someday or are just looking for vocabulary related to train stations, here you go! I see these words often when I’m in the station, as well as hear key phrases.

駅（えき）STATION

電車（でんしゃ）Train

地下鉄（ちかてつ）Subway

〜線（〜せん）Line

ホーム（ほーむ）Platform

駅長（えきちょう）Station master

駅員（えきいん）Station employee

切符（きっぷ）Ticket

切符売り場（きっぷうりば）Ticket office

時刻表（じこくひょう）Timetable

終点（しゅうてん）Last stop

乗り換え（のりかえ）To change trains

方面（ほうめん）Direction

〜行き（〜ゆき）Destination

出口（でぐち）Exit

入口（いりぐち）Entrance

北口（きたぐち）North entrance

東口（ひがしぐち）East entrance

南口（みなみぐち）South entrance

西口（にしぐち）West entrance

禁煙者（きんえんしゃ）Non-smoking car

喫煙者（きつえんしゃ）Smoking car

COMMON PHRASES

まもなく、電車が参ります。まもなくでんしゃがまいります。The train is coming shortly.

ご乗車ありがとうございます。ごじょうしゃありがとうございます。Thank you for riding/boarding.

出口は左・右側です。でぐちはひだり・みぎがわです。The exit is on the left/right side.

閉まるドアにご注意ください。しまるどあにごちゅういください。Please be careful of the closing doors.

＿＿線はお乗換えです。＿＿せんはおのりかえです。Transfer for line ____.

ASKING QUESTIONS

駅はどこですか？（えきはどこですか？）Where is the train station?

最寄りの駅はどこですか？（もよりのえきはどこですか？）Where is the nearest train station?

一番近い地下鉄の駅はどこですか？（いちばんちかいちかてつのえきはどこですか？）Where is the nearest subway station?

駅へはどう行くのですか？（えきへはどういくのですか？）How do I get to the train station?

この電車は○○○に止まりますか？（このでんしゃは○○○にとまりますか？）Does this train stop at _____?

終電は何時ですか？（しゅうでんはなんじですか？）What time is last train?

東京行きはこのホームですか？（とうきょうゆきはこのホームですか？）Is this the right platform for Tokyo?

TYPES OF TRAINS

新幹線（しんかんせん）Shinkansen; bullet train

特急（とっきゅう）Limited express

急行（きゅうこう）Express

快速（かいそく）Rapid

普通（ふつう）Local

終電（しゅうでん）Last train

始発（しはつ）First train

If you want an explanation on the types of trains in Japan, check that out here!

#japanese

strawberrychaii

선잠 - nap

romanization: seon jam

~chaii ♡♡♡

#korean

extrastudies-deactivated2017110

{august 10, 2017} – i finally started a new language notebook for german (with sections for grammar, vocab, and practice), and got to work rewriting some notes!!

heyemmateach

nice nice nice

languagesahoy

I’ve always found this cool Venn diagram of shared and unshared letters of the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic writing systems cool.

girlinthepark

Molly Yeh | Rose-Topped Rosewater Cake.

#food

pureblyss

I swear that when our lips touch, I can taste the next 60 years of my life.

Rudy Francisco, Love Poem (via pureblyss)

Don’t miss Rudy’s debut book, Helium, coming out on Button Poetry’s press!

#quotes #poetry #hey

Sometimes I feel like my textbook takes place during the apocalypse or 1984.

What happened? Why did they go to the hospital? Why is it hospital or alumni meeting? I need answers.

If it’s not talking about cigarettes or food, it is talking about suffering.

#wkdf #heyemmatalks

yainterrobang

Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian to become film

Sherman Alexie’s Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian will become a film with Temple Hill and Donner’s Company. Alexie will write The Absolutely True Diary of A Part-Time Indian movie script himself.

The Absolutely True Diary of A Part-Time Indian follows Junior, an aspiring cartoonist on the Spokane Indian Reservation who ends up attending an all-white farm school. The only other Indian in attendance is the school mascot.

The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian topped the American Library Assocation’s list of frequently challenged books in 2014. When censorship attempts had Alexie’s book pulled out of the curriculum of a school in Meridian, Idaho and protesting students were ignored, local booksellers raised enough money to give a free copy of the book to every student who wanted to read it.

Hugh Jackman will produce the film alongside Temple Hill and Donner’s Company as well as appear in the film in a supporting role.

The Absolutely True Diary of A Part-Time Indian is available now.

Fun Fact of the Day

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AConsonant_cluster

*longest cluster in orthography, not phonetics

#german #linguistics

19tc

국가 - Countries 한국 - Korea 남한 - South Korea 북한 - North Korea 아프가니스탄 - Afghanistan 호주 - Australia 오스트리아 - Austria 브라질 - Brazil 보츠와나 - Botswana 캄보디아 - Cambodia 캐나다 - Canada 남아프리카 공화국 - Central African Republic 중국 - China 콜롬비아 - Columbia 대만 - Taiwan 이집트 - Egypt 영국 - England 프랑스 - France 독일 - Germany 가나 - Ghana 그리스 - Greece 홍콩 - Hong Kong 인도 - India 인도네시아 - indonesia 이탈리아 - Italy 일본 - Japan 케냐 - Kenya 말레이지아 - Malaysia 멕시코 - Mexico 몽고 - Mongolia 미얀마 - Burma 뉴질랜드 - New Zealand 필리핀 - The Phillipeans 싱가폴 - Singapore 스페인 - Spain 스웨덴 - Sweden 스위스 - Switzerland 태국 - Thailand 미국 - United states 베트남 - Vietnam

A&R

Had a sweetheart on his knees So faithful and adoring

#asl #spring awakening #musicals #favorite

spanishsecondlanguage

WordBrewery is great for improving your vocabulary. It gives you a random sentence at either beginner, intermediate, advanced or master level, and you can make lists of words or sentences that you’d like to learn. It includes the following languages:

Spanish

English

Chinese

Arabic

Portuguese

Russian

Japanese

German

French

Italian

Polish

Ukrainian

Korean

Serbian (Latin)

Serbian (Cryillic)

Hungarian

Greek

Swedish

Norwegian

#languages

amusing-not

Hallo. Was geht ab?

Most of the people I know are either learning Korean (thanks, Kdramas) or Spanish (thanks, Sir *insert professor who is both an inspiration and source of desperation*)

I’m learning German since it isn’t really a common language to learn here + I really like how Germans speak. I’m using the app Memrise to learn this language. It makes learning fun and easier. If there are other apps out there that would aid me in my journey to become a German-speaking fellow, please do tell me. Danke!

deutsian

Apps (usw.) für Vokabeln:

- Memrise - Duolingo - Mondly - Clozemaster - Babadum - Tatoeba - Quizlet

Andere Hilfsquellen:

- http://polyglotical.tumblr.com/post/148311499882/hi-sweetie-would-you-happen-to-have-a-list-or (vocab lists) - http://wonderful-language-sounds.tumblr.com/post/147956529226/could-you-recommend-me-books-for-studying-german (books for studying) - https://www.youtube.com/user/germanpod101/playlists (learn via YouTube) - http://sowiesoja.tumblr.com/post/147218869892/german-resources (various resources) - https://rhinospike.com/language/ (german audio with sme transcriptions) - http://deutsch-als-fremdsprache-grammatik.de/DaF/DaF-DaZ-Grammatik-Bausteine.pdf (german grammar book) - https://fsi-languages.yojik.eu/languages/german.html (audio courses) - https://www.goethe.de/prj/dfd/en/index.cfm (website with exercises) - http://en.childrenslibrary.org (childrens books in lotsa languages) - lang-8.com (post entries and have them corrected) - http://www.grimmstories.com (books in various languages) - http://www.dw.com/de/deutsch-lernen/nachrichten/s-8030 (slow news) - slowgerman.com (slow podcast) - https://www.reddit.com/r/de (reddit auf Deutsch) - http://www.gulli.com (IT & tech news) - Any German news site; I would recommend http://www.bild.de for a beginner cause it’s easy but it is absolute tabloid trash. - http://polyglotwhore.tumblr.com/post/147072920094/german-masterpost (various german resources) - http://languagesandcoffee.tumblr.com/post/145765392899/hey-youre-german-right-ive-got-a-huge-favour (list of german movies) - http://www.omniglot.com/language/pronunciation.htm#ears (advice for improving pronunciation) - http://wonderful-language-sounds.tumblr.com/post/140596285130/this-is-a-post-about-masterposts-about-resources (scroll for german masterlist) - http://deutschedinge.tumblr.com/post/143122062306/10-online-games-to-boost-your-german-learning (games) - https://dict.leo.org/ende/index_de.html (great german-english dict. online) - I have some resources on my blog tagged /myresources; http://deutsian.tumblr.com/tagged/myresources. - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3936178A38BB5F87 (easy german) - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsfkZZGbu8VSGuFwOc_leVpN-JdP0Kk37 (series for beginners) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhP3OT2hxAE&list=PLcfpRfQPnLefgrUQH6EKQ6oJG_n5Petnv (series for beginners) - www.tivi.de/fernsehen/logo/start/ (teens like news channel thing)

Ok I think that should be enough.

#german

languageoclock

NOUNS das Abdschad/Abjad - abjad der Ablativ - ablative [case] der Ablaut (Ablaute) - ablaut der Adessiv - adessive [case] das Adjektiv (Adjektive) - adjective das Adverb (Adverbien) - adverb der Affix (Affixe) - affix die Agglutination - agglutination der Akkusativ - accusative [case] das Akkusativobjekt (Akkusativobjekte) - direct object der Aktiv - active [voice] der Akzent (Akzente) - accent der Akzentton (Akzenttöne) - pitch accent der Allativ - allative [case] das Alphabet (Alphabete) - alphabet die Analogie (Analogien) die Analyse (Analysen) - analysis der Apostroph (Apostrophe) - apostrophe der Approximant (Approximanten) - approximant [phoneme] der Artikel - article die Artikulation (Artikulationen) - articulation der Aspekt (Aspekt) - aspect der Ausdruck (Ausdrücke) - expression/term die Bedeutung (Bedeutungen) - meaning/definition die Befehlsform (Befehlsformen) - imperative der Begriff (Begriffe) - concept/term der Benefaktiv - benefactive [case] das Bestimmungswort (Bestimmungswörter) - qualifier die Betonung - stress das Betonungszeichen - stress mark die Beugung (Beugungen) - declension der Bindestrich (Bindestriche) - hyphen das Bindewort (Bindewörter) - conjuction das Buchstabe (-n) (Buchstaben) - letter/symbol/character die Dachsprache (Dachsprachen) - umbrella language der Dativ - dative [case] die Definition (Definitionen) - definition der Delativ - delative [case] der Dental (Dentale) - dental der Äquativ - equative [case] der Öffnungslaut (Öffnungslaute) - approximant [phoneme] das Dativobjekt (Dativobjekte) - indirect object der Derivativ (Derivative) - derivative der Dialekt (Dialekte) - dialect das Dialektkontinuum - dialect continuum der Digraph (Digraphen) - digraph das Diminutiv (Diminutive) - diminutive der Diphthong (Diphthonge) - diphthong die Doppelartikulation (Doppelartikulationen) - double articulation der Doppellaut (Doppellaute) - diphthong der Dreilaut (Dreilaute) - triphthong der Dual (Duale) - dual [number] die Einzahl (Einzahlen) - singular [number] der Ejektiv (Ejektive) - ejective [phoneme] der Elativ - elative [case] die Endung (Endungen) - ending die Entlehnung (Entlehnungen) - calque/loanword die Ergänzung (Ergänzungen) - complement der Ergativ - ergative [case] die Ergativität - ergativity die Etymologie (Etymologien) - etymology der Fall (Fälle) - case das Finitum (Finite) - finite verb das Flap (Flaps) - flap [phoneme] die Flexion (Flexionen) - inflection die Flexionsform (Flexionsformen) - inflected form die Form (Formen) - form der Frikativ (Frikative) - fricative [phoneme] der Gaumen - roof of the mouth/gums die Gebärdensprache (Gebärdensprachen) - sign language der Genitiv - genitive [case] das Gerundium (Gerundien) - gerund das Geschlecht (Geschlechter) - gender die Grammatik (Grammatiken) - grammar die Grundsprache (Grundsprachen) - protolanguages der Halbvokal (Halbvokale) - semivowel [phoneme] die Hauptbetonung (Hauptbetonungen) - primary stress der Hiatus - hiatus das Hilfsverb (Hilfsverben) - auxillary verb das Homograph (Homographe) - homograph das Homonym (Homonyme) - homonym das Homophon (Homophone) - homophone die Hyperkorrektur (Hyperkorrekturen) - hypercorretion die Idioglossie - idoglossa der Idiolekt (Idiolekte) - idiolect der Illativ - illative [case] das Imperfekt - imperfect [tense] der Implosiv (Implosive) - implosive [phoneme] der Indikativ (Indikative) - indicative [mood] der Inessiv - inessive [case] das Infix (Infixe) - infix der Instruktiv - instructive [case] der Instrumental - instrumental [case] die Interjektion (Interjektionen) - interjection das Internationale Phonetische Alphabet - International Phonetic Alphabet [IPA] die Intonation (Intonationen) - intonation der Kasus - case der Kehlkopf (Kehlköpfe) - voicebox/larynx der Klang (Klänge) - sound [the way something sounds] der Klick (Klicks) - click [phoneme] der Komitativ - comitative [case] die Kommunikation (Kommunikationen) - communication die Konjunktion (Konjunktionen) - conjunction der Konjunktiv (Konjunktive) - subjunctive [mood] der Konsonant (Konsonanten) - consonant die Kopula (Kopulas) - copula die Kreolsprache (Kreolsprachen) - creole der Lateral (Laterale) - lateral [phoneme] der Laut (Laute) - sound das Lautsystem (Lautsysteme) - sound system/phonology die Lautverschiebung (Lautverschiebungen) - sound shift der Lautwandel - sound change das Lehnwort (Lehnwörter) - loan word die Lexikografie - lexicography das Lexikon (Lexika) - lexicon/dictionary die Liaison (Liaisons) - liaison die Ligatur (Ligaturen) - ligature die Linguistik - linguistics die Lippe (Lippen) - lip der Lokativ - locative [case] die Metathese (Metatheses) - metathesis der Mitlaut (Mitlaute) - consonant die Modalität (Modalitäten) - modality das Modalverb (Modalverben) - modal verb der Modifikator (Modifikatoren) - modifier der Modus (Modi) - mood die Morphologie - morphology der Nasal (Nasale) - nasal [phoneme] die Nebenbetonung (Nebenbetonungen) - secondary stress der Nebensatz (Nebensätze) - clause das Nomen - noun die Nominalklasse (Nominalklassen) - noun class die Nominalphrase (Nominalphrasen) - noun phrase der Nominativ - nominative [case] die Notation (Notationen) - notation das Objekt (Objekte) - object der oblique Kasus - oblique [case] die Orthographie (Orthographien) - orthography der Partitiv - partitive [case] das Partizip - participle das Passiv - passive [voice] das Perfekt - perfect [tense] die Person (Personen) - person das Personalpronomen - personal pronoun das Phonem (Phoneme) - phoneme die Phonetik - phonetics die Phonologie - phonology die Pidginsprache (Pidginsprachen) - pidgin der Plosiv (Plosive) - plosive [phoneme] die Plural (Plurale) - plural [number] die Pluralform (Pluralformen) - plural form das Plusquamperfekt - pluperfect [tense] der Possessiv - possessive [case] das Prädikat (Prädikate) - predicate das Präfix (Präfixe) - prefix die Präposition (Präpositionen) - preposition der Präpositiv - prepositional [case] das Präsens - present [tense] der Prolativ - prolative [case] das Pronomen - pronoun die Rechtschreibung (Rechtschreibungen) - orthography/spelling die Regel (Regeln) - rule der Reibelaut (Reibelaute) - fricative [phoneme] der Respektiv - respective [case] das Schreibsystem (Schreibsysteme) - writing system die Schreibweise (Schreibweisen) - spelling [of a word] die Schrift (Schriften) - script/alphabet das Schriftsystem (Schriftsysteme) - writing system der Seitenlaut (Seitenlaute) - lateral [phoneme] der Selbstlaut (Selbstlaute) - vowel die Semantik - symantics der Separativ - separative [case] der Sibilant (Sibilanten) - sibilant [phoneme] die Silbe (Silben) - syllable die Silbengrenze (Silbengrenze) - syllable boundary die Silbentrennung (Silbentrennungen) - syllable separation der Singular (Singulare) - singular [number] die Sprache (Sprachen) - language die Sprachfamilie (Sprachfamilien) - language family die Sprachgeschichte (Sprachgeschichten) - history of a language die Sprachmelodie - intonation die Sprachwissenschaft (Sprachwissenschaften) - linguistics der Sprachwissenschaftler - linguist [male] die Sprachwissenschaftlerin (Sprachwissenschaftlerin) - linguist [female] der Stamm (Stämme) - stem das Stammwort (Stammwörter) - root word die Stimme (Stimmen) - voice der Stoffname (-n) (Stoffnamen) - uncountable noun die Struktur (Strukturen) - structure das Subjekt (Subjekte) - subject der Sublativ - sublative [case] der Substantiv (Substantive) - noun das Suffix (Suffixe) - suffix der Superessiv - superessive [case] das Supinum - supine das Symbol (Symbole) - symbol das Synonym (Synonyme) - synonym die Syntax - syntax das Tap (Taps) - tap [phoneme] das Tätigkeitswort (Tätigkeitswörter) - verb der Terminativ - terminative [case] die Terminologie (Terminologien) - terminology die Theorie (Theorien) - theory die Tilde (Tilden) - tilde der Ton (Töne) - sound/tone der Tonakzent (Tonakzente) - pitch accent die Tonsprache (Tonsprachen) - tonal language der Translativ - translative [case] die Trennung (Trennungen) - separation der Trennungsstrich (Trennungsstriche) - hyphen der Triphthong (Triphthonge) -triphthong die Typologie (Typologien) - typology der Umlaut (Umlaute) - umlaut die Ursprache (Ursprachen) - protolangauge die Uvula (Uvulae) - uvula das Verb (Verben) - verb die Vergangenheitsform (Vergangenheitsformen) - past [tense] form die Verkehrssprache (Verkehrssprachen) - lingua franca die Verkleinerungsform (Verkleinerungsformen) - diminutive die Verlaufsform (Verlaufsformen) - progressive form die Verständlichkeit - intelligibility das Verständnis (Verständnisse) - understanding der Vibrant (Vibranten) - trill [phoneme] der Vokal (Vokale) - vowel die Vokalharmonie - vowel harmony der Vokativ - vocative [case] das Wort (Wörter/Worte) - word die Wortbildung - word formation/morphology das Wörterbuch (Wörterbücher) - dictionary die Wortherkunft - word origin/etymology der Wortschatz - Vocabulary der Wortstamm (Wortstämme) - root word/stem die Wortstellung - word order die Wortwurzel (Wortwurzeln) - word root der Zahn (Zähne) - tooth das Zahnfleisch - gums der Zahnlaut (Zahnlaute) - dental das Zeichen - sign/signal der Zischlaut (Zischlaute) - sibilant [phoneme] die Zunge (Zungen) - tongue die Zungenspitze (Zungenspitzen) - tip of the tongue die Zungenwurzel (Zungenwurzeln) - root of the tongue VERBS aspirieren - to aspirate aussprechen - to pronounce aussterben - to die out/to become extinct bedeuten - to mean begreifen - to understand/to comprehend behauchen - to aspirate betonen - to emphasise/to stress beugen - to decline definieren - to define ergänzen - to complement/to complete erlernen - to learn/to acquire [language] fallen - to fall flektieren - to inflect forschen - to research hören - to listen/to hear jemandem eine Sprache beibringen - to teach someone a language klingen - to sound kommunizieren - to communicate konjugieren - to conjugate labialisieren - to labialise leihen - to loan nachschlagen - to look up/to consult [reference book] nasalisieren - to nasalise palatalisieren - to palatalise/to front pharyngalisieren - to pharyngealise sich anhören - to sound sprechen - to speak steigen - to rise velarisieren - to velarise/to back verstehen - to understand ADJECTIVES adverbial - adverbial agglutinierend - agglutinative analytisch - analytic aspiriert - aspirated ausgestorben - dead/extinct aveolar - aveolar bestimmt - definite betont - emphasised/stressed bilabial - bilabial dental - dental dorsal - dorsal dunkel - dark [vowel] extrakurz - extra short fallend - falling fast geschlossen - near-close fast hinten - near back fast offen - near-open fast vorne - near-front feminin - feminine frikativ - fricative gerundet - rounded geschlossen - close geschrieben - written gesprochen - spoken glottal - glottal grammatisch - grammatical halbgeschlossen - close-mid halblang - half-long halboffen - open-mid hell - light [vowel] hinten - back hoch - high hörbar - audible intransitiv - intransitive isoliert - isolated klassisch - classic koronal - coronal kurz - short labiodental - labiodental lang - long laryngal - laryngal lateral - lateral männlich - masculine maskulin - masculine mittel - mid nasal - nasal neutral - neuter/neutral nichtsilbisch - non-syllabic niedrig - low offen - open okklusiv - occlusive palatal - palatal palatoaveolar - palatoaveolar pharyngal - pharyngal phonetisch - phonetic plurizentrisch - pluricentric polysynthetisch - polysynthetic possessiv - possessive postaviolar - postaveolar präpositional - prepositional reflexiv - reflexive regelmäßig - regular retroflex - retroflex rückbezüglich - reflexive sächlich - neuter silbisch - syllabic singularisch - singular steigend - rising stimmhaft - voiced stimmlos - unvoiced/voiceless synthetisch - synthetic theoretische - theoretic transitiv - transitive umklassifiziert - unclassified unbetont - unstressed unregelmäßig - irregular unverständlich - incomprehensible uvular - uvular velar - velar verwandt - relatied vorne - front weiblich - feminine zentral - central zentralisiert - centralised

#german #long

deutschedinge

die Politik - politics

die Wirtschaftspolitik - commercial/economic policy die Sozialpolitik - social/welfare policy die Sicherheitspolitik - security/military/defence policy die Außenpolitik - foreign policy die Innenpolitik - domestic policy

die Macht - power/force der Konflikt - conflict der Frieden - peace die Freiheit - freedom die Gleichheit - equality die Solidarität - solidarity

der Parlamentarismus - parliamentarism der Sozialismus - socialism der Kommunismus - communism der Faschismus - fascism

die Diktatur - dictatorship die Demokratie - democracy

der Staat - state/country die Regierung - government regieren - to govern der Bürger/die Bürgerin - citizen der Staatsbürger/die Staatsbürgerin - citizen (of a country) die Staatsbürgerschaft - citizenship (of a country) die (Landes)grenze - border

der Bürgermeister/die Bürgermeisterin - mayor die Botschaft - embassy der Botschafter/die Botschafterin - ambassador das Parlament - parliament

die Partei - political party die Koalition - coalition der Politiker/die Politikerin - politician

die Wahl - election der Wahlkreis - constituency der Wahlkampf - election campaign die Stimme - vote stimmen/wählen - to vote der Wähler/die Wählerin - voter die Wahlurne - ballot box das Stimmrecht - right to vote der Stimmzettel - ballot card das Wahlergebnis/der Wahlausgang - election result

#german

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