12.11-22
I really like how the cathedral looks during evenings.
- Vivera Rossi
One Nice Bug Per Day
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@jacystudies
12.11-22
I really like how the cathedral looks during evenings.
- Vivera Rossi
tools vocab 🛠️
sakset - scissor leikata - to cut vasara - hammer vasaroida - to hammer naula - nail naulata - to nail ruuvi - screw ruuvimeisseli - screwdriver ruuvata - to screw, fasten with screws jakoavain - adjustable wrench mutteri - nut (that fits on a bolt) viila - file pora - drill porata - to drill hitsata - to weld pihdit - pliers saha - saw sahata - to saw kirves - axe (maali)pensseli - paintbrush maalata - to paint remontti - renovation teippi - tape teipata - to tape liimata - to glue liima - glue koota - to assemble
Most Essential Vocabulary #1
I decided to compile a list of some of the most basic and essential vocab for Spanish since I couldn’t totally find a lot.
These are going to be the words that you’re going to be using and seeing the most for Spanish, so it will come across as very basic for some
I decided to do this in multiple parts because there are lots of topics - so if you have suggestions on certain topics, please let me know! There probably will be words repeated for different “categories”
Pronouns
yo = I
tú = you [informal]
usted = you [formal]
nosotros = we [m+m, m+f] nosotras = we [f+f]
ustedes = you all [for Spain it’s formal, for Latin America it’s formal and informal]
vosotros = you all [m+m, m+f; informal, Spain] vosotras = you all [f+f; informal, Spain]
él = he
ella = her
~
elle = they [no specified gender; this is not considered “proper” Spanish, but it is used in many queer communities for someone non-binary; “proper” Spanish only really has “he” or “she” or refers to someone of unknown or unspecified gender in vague terms like alguien “someone” or una persona “a person” and conjugates them with 3rd person singular]
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Question Words
qué = what que = that [connecting clauses] lo que = what, “the thing that”, that which [a stand in for a noun]
por qué = why el por qué = “the reason why”, “the motive” porque = because [connecting clauses]
cuál, cuáles = which, which ones
dónde = where donde = where [connecting clauses]
cuándo = when cuando = when [connecting clauses]
cómo = how como = as, like [connecting clauses]
cuánto/a = how much/many cuanto = so much [or en cuanto “insomuch” or “as far as”]
~
cuánto/a is used with countable objects
For using “how + adj/adv” you have to use a separate expression; in more literary Spanish this is cuán which is not used very much now except in some lyrics and poetry. For everyday Spanish there’s a separate word/phrase:
qué tan = how + adj/adv [Latin America] ¿Qué tan rápido es? = How fast is it? ¿Qué tan larga es la historia? = How long is the story? ¿Qué tan profundo es el océano? = How deep is the ocean?
cómo de = how + adj/adv [Spain] ¿Cómo de grande es? = How big is it? ¿Cómo de alta es la montaña? = How high is the mountain? ¿Cómo de ancho es el río? = How wide is the river?
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Prepositions
Please be aware certain prepositions are used differently than others. The main ones to be very aware of are: a, de, en, por, para, and con
…By far, a is the most versatile and has the most uses, followed by de
Primarily this is just a list of things to know, but some of them require proper context to fully understand in my opinion
a = to
de = of / from
en = on / in
por = for / by, via
para = for / up to / in order to
con = with
sin = without
sobre = on, upon / about, pertaining to acerca de = about, pertaining to
hacia = toward, towards
bajo = under debajo (de) = under, underneath
encima (de) = on top of
desde = from, since
hasta = until, up to
según = according to
antes = before
después = after
tras = following, after
entre = between
enfrente (de) = in front of, facing
junto/a = together junto a = next to, beside
al lado de = next to
durante = for (a period of time) / during
mientras = while
a través de = through a lo largo de = throughout
alrededor de = around, surrounding
mediante = through, via, by means of por medio de = through, via, by means of
vía = via
versus = versus [exactly like English… because it’s Latin; the pronunciation is different obviously]
contra = against, versus/vs / against, up against [e.g. contra la pared “(up) against the wall”]
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Standard Spanish 101 Vocab
algo = something
nada = nothing la nada = nothingness
alguien = someone
nadie = no one
el hombre = man el caballero = gentleman / man [lit. “knight” or “horseman”] el señor = sir, gentleman / lord / Mr.
la mujer = woman [potentially “wife”] la dama = lady / woman la señora = lady / madame, Mrs. la señorita = miss, (young/unmarried) lady
alto/a = tall, high
bajo/a = short, low
gordo/a = fat
flaco/a = skinny, thin delgado/a = skinny, thin
grande = big
pequeño/a = small
inteligente = intelligent
(ser) listo/a = (to be) smart (estar) listo/a = (to be) ready
rico/a = rich
pobre = poor
guapo/a = good-looking
lindo/a = cute, good-looking bonito/a = cute, good-looking
feo/a = ugly
joven = young
viejo/a = old
menor = younger / minor
mayor = older, elder / major
justo/a = fair, just
injusto/a = unjust, unfair
fácil = easy
difícil = hard, difficult
apenas = hardly, barely a duras penas = just barely
fuerte = strong
débil = weak
veloz = quick rápido/a = fast [adj] rápido = quickly, fast [adv]
lento/a = slow [adj] lento / lentamente = slow, slowly [adv]
trabajador(a) = hard-working
perezoso/a = lazy
tonto/a = stupid, silly
ingenioso/a = ingenious, clever
bueno/a = good
bien = good, well [adv]
malo/a = bad
mal = badly, wrong [adv]
equivocado/a = wrong, incorrect
genial = wonderful, amazing
maravilloso/a = wonderful / wondrous, marvelous
pésimo/a = really bad, awful
alegre = happy
feliz = happy
triste = sad
enojado/a = angry
preocupado/a = worried
asustado/a = surprised / scared
enfermo/a = sick
mejor = better el/la mejor = the best
peor = worse el/la peor = the worst
largo/a = long
corto/a = short
vivo/a = alive, living
muerto/a = dead
presente = present, here
ausente = absent
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Time - Days
Note: All days of the week and all months are masculine
lunes = Monday
martes = Tuesday
miércoles = Wednesday
jueves = Thursday
viernes = Friday
sábado = Saturday
domingo = Sunday
la semana = week
el fin de semana = weekend el finde = weekend [regional slang]
el calendario = calendar
el horario = schedule, timeframe
el día [m] = day
la fecha = date (calendar)
la cita = appointment / date (romantic)
hoy = today
ayer = yesterday anteayer = the day before yesterday
esta noche = tonight
anoche = last night
mañana = tomorrow pasado mañana = the day after tomorrow
la tarde = afternoon / evening el atardecer = evening, dusk
la mañana = morning el amanecer = morning, daybreak, sunrise
el mediodía = noon
la medianoche = midnight
la madrugada = the early morning, “wee hours of the morning” [when it’s morning but still dark]
el alba [f] = dawn la salida del sol = daybreak, sunrise
la puesta del sol = sunset ponerse el sol = for the sun to set
el crepúsculo = twilight / dusk
diario/a = daily [adj] a diario = daily, happening every day [adv] cotidiano/a = daily, everyday
temprano/a = early temprano = soon [adv]
tarde = late [adj / adv]
próximo/a = next
siguiente = following al día siguiente = the next day, the following day
anterior = previous
primer, primera / primero = first
segundo/a = second
la mitad = half [n]
medio/a = half [adj]
tercer, tercera / tercero = third el/un tercio = a third / one-third, 1/3
cuarto/a = fourth
quinto/a = fifth
sexto/a = sixth
séptimo/a = seventh
octavo/a = eighth (or “octave”)
noveno/a = ninth
décimo/a = tenth el décimo = decimal
último/a = last, latest
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Time - Months
enero = January
febrero = February
marzo = March
abril = April
mayo = May
junio = June
julio = July
agosto = August
septiembre = September
octubre = October
noviembre = November
diciembre = December
el mes = month
mensual = monthly
la quincena = fortnight, two weeks
nuevo/a = new la luna nueva = new moon
lleno/a = full la luna llena = full moon
la medialuna = half moon / crescent
creciente = growing la luna creciente = crescent moon
la primavera = spring
el verano = summer
el otoño = autumn, fall
el invierno = winter
la estación = season
la fiesta = holiday [or “party”]
la Navidad = Christmas
la Nochebuena = Christmas Eve
el Año Nuevo = New Year’s
la Nochevieja = New Year’s Eve
la víspera = eve / evening [with holidays it’s used as “the day before”, or sometimes “vigil”; so la Nochevieja is also sometimes la víspera del Año Nuevo]
Día de los Reyes Magos = Three Kings Day / The Epiphany
San Valentín / el Día de San Valentín = Valentine’s Day
la Cuaresma = Lent
Miércoles de Ceniza = Ash Wednesday
el Carnaval = Carnival / Mardi Gras
la Semana Santa = Holy Week
la Pascua = Easter
el Día de (los) Muertos = Day of the Dead (el) Halloween = Halloween
el Día de Acción de Gracias = Thanksgiving [North America; sometimes just called Thanksgiving or Sangiving]
el Día de Todos (los) Santos = All Saints Day
Día de (la) Independencia = Independence Day
Other countries have their own holidays like Día de la Constitución “Constitution Day” or Día de la Revolución “Revolution Day”, or something more regional like la Tomatina in Spain, or Día de los Santos Inocentes which is “the Day of Holy Innocents” but sometimes translated as “April Fool’s Day”
This is also not counting certain religious holidays or folk holidays, which can vary from country to country
~
For dates in Spanish, you typically use the number + the month: el diecisiete de marzo for example reads as “the 17th of March” or “March 17th”
The ONLY exception is the 1st of every month is el primero instead of saying el uno. As an example: el primero de enero is “January 1st” or “the 1st of January”; this is done because it would be awkward to say “the one of January”
For days of the week you will see something like Viernes 13 [trece] “Friday the 13th” or Martes 13 “Tuesday the 13th” (which is the day of bad luck in Spanish)
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Nature / The World
el sol = sun
la luna = moon
la estrella = star
el planeta [m] = planet
el mundo = world
el árbol = tree
la flor = flower
la hoja = leaf
la semilla = seed
el jardín = garden
el bosque = woods, forest
la selva = forest
el océano = ocean
el mar = ocean [sometimes feminine]
el río = river
el arroyo = stream
el lago = lake
el estanque = pond
la orrilla = shore
la isla = island
la ola = wave (water)
el volcán = volcano
la montaña = mountain
la sierra = mountain range [or “saw” in tools]
la piedra = stone la roca = rock
el tiempo = time / weather [or “grammatical tense”]
la hora = hour
la lluvia = rain
la nieve = snow
el granizo = hail / hailstone
el hielo = ice
el viento = wind
la ventisca = blizzard
la tormenta = storm
la nube = cloud
la niebla = fog, mist la neblina = mist, haze
el relámpago = lightning [commonly refers to “the flash of lightning” specifically]
el rayo = lightning, bolt (of lightning) [commonly “lightning” or “lightning strike”]
el trueno = thunder [refers to “the sound” specifically]
la arena = sand
el desierto = desert
el cañón = canyon
el risco = cliff
el monte = wilderness / mountain, mount
la hierba = grass / herb las malas hierbas = weeds [lit. “bad grasses”]
alto/a = tall, high la altura = height
profundo/a = deep poco profundo/a = shallow la profundidad = depth
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The Human Body - Basics
el cuerpo = body
el peso = weight
la altura = height la estatura = height, stature
el hueso = bone
el órgano = organ
la sangre = blood
la vena = vein
el sudor = sweat
la cabeza = head
la cara = face
el cerebro = brain
el ojo = eye
la nariz = nose
la oreja = ear [outer]
el oído = ear [inner]
la ceja = eyebrow
la frente = forehead
el cuello = neck
la garganta = throat
la espalda = back
la columna (vertebral) = spine / spinal column el espinazo = backbone, spine
el hombro = shoulder
el brazo = arm
la mano = hand
la muñeca = wrist
el dedo = finger el pulgar = thumb el índice = index finger, pointer finger el dedo medio = middle finger el dedo anular = ring finger el meñique = pinky
el puño = fist
el nudillo = knuckle
el tronco = torso [or “trunk” for trees]
el pecho = chest
el seno = breast / bosom [in everyday speech - and vulgar speech - this is la teta “boob” or “tit”]
el estómago = stomach
la barriga = belly / gut la panza = belly
los intestinos = intestines, bowels la tripa, las tripas = “stomach” / innards, entrails
las entrañas = innards, entrails, “one’s insides”
la cintura = waist
la cadera = hip
la pierna = leg
la rodilla = knee
el tobillo = ankle
el pie = foot
el dedo de pie = toe el dedo gordo = big toe el meñique (de pie) = pinky toe [the other toes are known as el segundo dedo “second toe”, el tercer dedo “third toe”, and el cuarto dedo “fourth toe”]
el corazón = heart
el pulmón = lung
el hígado = liver
el músculo = muscle
el tejido = tissue (medical)
la uña = nail (finger/toe)
el pelo = hair (any kind)
el cabello = hair (specifically on the head)
los sentidos = the senses
la vista = eyesight, sight
el oído = hearing, sense of hearing
el olfato = smell, sense of smell
el gusto = taste, sense of taste
el tacto = touch, sense of touch
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Around the House
la casa = house
el hogar = home / hearth
el apartamento = apartment
el piso = floor [el piso in Spain is typically “apartment”, most commonly translated as “flat” for British English]
el techo = ceiling / roof
el tejado = roof
la mesa = table
la silla = chair el sillón = large chair / armchair
la cama = bed
la almohada = pillow
el sofá [m] = sofa, couch
los muebles = furniture [el mueble is one piece]
el espejo = mirror
el reloj = clock / watch, stopwatch
el estante, los estantes = shelf, shelves / shelving
el gabinete = cabinet
el refrigerador / la refrigeradora = refrigerator la nevera = refrigerator
el congelador = freezer
la tarea = task, chore [commonly meaning “homework”] los deberes = chores / duties los quehaceres = chores
la puerta = door
la ventana = window
la sala = room el salón = room / large room
el cuarto = room
la habitación = bedroom el dormitorio = bedroom [lit. “dormitory” or “sleep-room”] el cuarto = bedroom, personal room
la sala de estar = living room el salón = living room [again, just “big room”] la sala = living room [again, just “room” but it’s any kind of room you might invite someone into] [some places have other words for it]
la cocina = kitchen [also “cuisine” or “cooking”]
el comedor = dining room [or “mess hall”; but any room for “eating”]
la lavandería = laundry room / laundromat
el vestíbulo = foyer, vestibule
la escalera = staircase / stairwell las escaleras = steps, stairs
el baño = bathroom [lit. “bath”] el cuarto de baño = bathroom
el inodoro = toilet bowl [sometimes el váter]
el clóset / el armario = closet / armoire, wardrobe
el garaje = garage
el sótano = basement
el ático = attic el desván = attic
el pasillo = hallway
el estudio = study
el gimnasio = gym
la biblioteca = library
la despensa = pantry / cupboard
el almacén = storeroom, storage closet [you might see this as “warehouse” for buildings; it means a “storage area” literally]
la oficina = office
la lámpara = lamp
la luz = light las luces = light
encender = to turn on (electronics) [otherwise it’s “to kindle” or “to set on fire”]
apagar = to turn off (electronics) [others it’s “to extinguish” or “snuff out (fire/candles)]
la televisión / la tele = television / TV
el teléfono = telephone, phone
el celular = cellphone [more Latin America] el móvil = mobile, cellphone [more Spain]
el tenedor = fork
el cuchillo = knife
la cuchara = spoon
el plato = plate
el tazón = bowl el bol = bowl el cuenco = bowl
el horno = oven
la estufa = stove, stovetop
el vaso = glass [for water]
la taza = cup / mug [for tea/coffee]
la copa = glass [for wine]
la vela = candle
los trastes = “the dishes” [regional, I think]
la plancha = iron (for clothes) [lit. la plancha is a metal thing you use to “press” on either food or clothes; not to be confused with el hierro “iron” the metal in English]
-
Basics of Clothing
la ropa = clothes, clothing
la prenda = garment, item of clothing
la ropa interior = underwear el calzón / los calzoncillos = underwear las bragas = panties, female underwear
el sostén, el sujetador = bra
los calcetines = socks
las medias = socks [las medias can also mean “stockings” or “tights”]
la camisa = shirt
la camiseta = t-shirt
los pantalones = pants, trousers
los zapatos = shoes los tacones = heels las botas = boots
el vestido = dress
la blusa = blouse
la falda = skirt
la chaqueta = jacket
el abrigo = coat, overcoat [usually a “warm coat” or sometimes “winter coat”; a coat specifically to keep you warm outside]
el cinturón = belt
la bufanda = scarf
el guante, los guantes = glove, gloves
la cartera / el monedero = wallet
las gafas / los lentes = glasses las gafas de sol = sunglasses [the older word for “glasses” is los anteojos - it comes across like “spectacles” and shows up in some textbook, but las gafas is the most common one today]
el bolso = purse [some people will use la bolsa - typically though, la bolsa is “bag” like a shopping bag or trash bag]
el bolsillo = pocket
el botón = button
el broche = clasp, fastener, button
la joyería = jewelry
el collar = necklace
el anillo = ring
el pendiente, los pendientes = earrings [regional] el aro / el arete = earring [regional]
el brazalete = bracelet [often on the arm] la pulsera = bracelet [often at the wrist where one’s “pulse” is]
el pijama / los pijamas = pajamas, PJs
el paraguas = umbrella la sombrilla = umbrella [regional]
el impermeable = raincoat [regional]
la gorra = cap [small hat]
el sombrero = hat [with a wide brim, usually all the way around]
el suéter = sweater
la sudadera = sweatshirt
los jeans = jeans los bluyines = jeans [lit. “blue jeans” but could be any color in Spanish] los vaqueros = jeans [Spain; lit. “cowboy (pants)”] [there are LOTS of regionalisms for jeans]
la seda = silk
la piel = leather / skin el cuero = leather
el algodón = cotton
la lana = wool
el terciopelo = velvet
el encaje = lace
la tela = fabric
el mezclillo = denim
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Basics of Colors
Note: Some names of colors do not change for gender as they are derived from nouns - to distinguish them, I’m not including the definite articles to identify them as adjectives.
As an example, rosa “pink” comes from “rose”, so la camisa rosa “pink shirt” or el abrigo rosa “pink coat”
Note 2: When talking about colors as “the color” itself, it is always masculine; el rojo is “the color red”. This is important for distinguishing certain nouns - el naranja is “the color orange” vs. la naranja “orange (fruit)”, or el rosa “the color pink” vs. la rosa “rose (flower)”, or el turquesa “the color turquoise” vs. la turquesa “turquoise (gem)”
rojo/a = red
naranja = orange anaranjado/a = orange, orangey
amarillo/a = yellow
verde = green
azul = blue azul claro = light blue azul celeste = light blue / sky blue azul oscuro = dark blue azul marino = navy blue
añil = indigo
turquesa = turquoise
lila = light purple / lilac, lavender (color)
morado/a = dark purple
púrpura = purple
rosa = pink rosado/a = pink, rosy
marrón = brown (color) café = brown
negro/a = black
blanco/a = white
gris = gray
oro = gold dorado/a = gold, golden
plata = silver plateado/a = silvery
bronce = bronze bronceado/a = bronzed, tanned
arcoíris, arco iris = rainbow
oscuro/a = dark
claro/a = light (color)
castaño = brown (hair/eyes) [lit. “chestnut”]
caoba = mahogany, auburn (hair/eyes) [lit. “mahogany”]
How to build a language self-study plan
So I’ve noticed, upon combing through pages and pages of youtube videos and google blogs, that rarely does anyone ever actually tell you what you should be studying. There’s a reason for this ! Everyone is different and at a different level, different motivation. It’s impossible to create a study plan that is perfect for everyone… which is why it can also be agonizing to make one for yourself.
“How am I supposed to know what’s important to study, if I don’t speak the language?”
Well that’s a good question! You need to gauge how far you’ve come so far and how far you’d like to get. It’s easiest when you are starting from zero because you can learn the alphabet, numbers, basic phrases, and basic grammar. Easy peasy. You can go cover to cover in a text book.
Here’s a check-list to create the perfect study plan special to you.
1. What do I know already? What do I need to work on?
- is it worth starting a textbook, if you feel like you already know half of it? It might be worth completing the given exercises and if you achieve an 80% or higher (or you could give that lesson to someone else) then you can move on from that specific point.
- create a list of the points that you still need to master
2. What do I need to include in a study session?
- naturally there needs to be a focus or a few different focuses of a study session, whether it’s a specific activity or a grammar point. I recommend creating a list of things you want to get done (a.) every day, (b) every week, and © every month. These goals must be quantifiable. For example, every week I read two news articles in German. As a reflection, I then write a summary of the event of the article as well as a personal opinion. That’s an easy box to check.
- you need a reflection. It’s important to really take time to reflect on how you feel about the time spent and the materials used. What could you do better next time? What went well?
3. When is the best time to study?
- are you more active/focused in the morning or in the night? The key is consistency. If you have a routine, you’re far more likely to adhere to it. I know that my own schedule is highly changeable and that can make it very difficult, but I’ve found if I wake up in the same period of time every morning, brush my teeth, make my bed, and then sit down to my work, I feel far more productive.
- how much should I study at a time? The recommended period is 25 minutes from the Pomodoro Method with a five minute break. You can research time-management techniques but ultimately it comes down to you.
4. How do I take notes ?
- IT”S ALL ABOUT YOU! What I do is take messy notes in classes or on my own and then I transcribe the finished page to my Notion page. It gives me a chance to make the notes neater and also to review a little bit. I will say though statistically, you will remember better if you write by hand.
- I like to have a column on each page for words I didn’t know
Northern Lights in Finland | Pekka Parviainen
Torun, Poland (by Michael Gordon)
- spanish grammar, adjectives
hello everyone! today we’re working with adjectives in spanish, their positioning and what meanings this could imply. a lot of times, when you’re starting off, people say that in spanish adjectives always follow a noun, but this isn’t necessarily true. first let’s take a look at two kinds of adjectives.
adjetivo calificativo: this sort of adjective tells you something about a quality that’s specific to a noun. this includes size, shape, color, opinion, age, etc. these descriptors are generally related to the object itself and not an exterior force. if this doesn’t make sense, compare it to the second type and it’ll become a bit clearer.
adjetivo relacional: like the name implies, this adjective relates an object to something exterior. this includes place of origen, use, time, and possession.
so let’s take a look at some examples of adjetivos calificativos:
el hombre triste se puso a llorar.
ella es la oveja negra de la familia.
esto es un buen ejemplo de un adjetivo calificativo.
and now some examples of adjetivos relacionales:
la empresa sueca abrió su primera sucursal en finlandia.
el análisis literario es una habilidad que se aprende a través de la práctica.
me regalaron una suscripción mensual a tumblr premium.
look at the examples in the first group. you’ll notice that the adjective ‘buen’ comes before the noun, while the rest come after the noun. these are separated into two groups and have different implications. also note that only adjetivos calificativos can switch positioning like this.
adjetivo pospuesto: the adjective that comes after a noun, aka the standard you probably learned. this singles out a the noun within a larger group.
adjetivo antepuesto: the adjective before a noun, like in the case of ‘buen’. this serves generally to emphasize a certain aspect of a noun that’s already understood by the reader.
let’s take a look at the example ‘nieve blanca’ / ‘blanca nieve’:
me gusta comer la nieve blanca, pero no la amarilla.
vio la blanca nieve por la ventana y me sonrió.
in the first example (i like to eat white snow, but not yellow snow), i’m telling you the kind of snow i like to eat by restricting it with an adjetivo pospuesto. i only like eating white snow. in the second example, (she saw the white snow and smiled at me) snow is generally understood to be white, right? by putting the adjective there, it emphasizes the whiteness of the snow even though that’s generally understood to be white.
here are some different uses of an adjetivo antepuesto for stylistic reasons:
literary effect: like what i described with blanca nieve. other examples: el enorme castillo,
fixed expressions: some phrases and even some adjectives just like to go in front. examples: hasta nuevo aviso, en pleno siglo XIX, de mal gusto
irony: it’s obvious you mean the opposite of what you say. example: excelente idea esa
quantifiers: when you use a word that expresses quantity, it intensifies placed before the noun. example: muy rara vez
these aren’t all the reasons that you could put an adjective before a noun, but this covers quite a bit! hope it’s been helpful :)
06.02-21
I love taking these :3
- Vivera Rossi
Peudes dime si los Hispanohablantes usan "justo" como el "just" en inglés, porfa?
O sea, por ejemplo en inglés nosotros decimos "I just wanted to ask", entonces podemos decir "justo quería preguntar" en español?
Pq creo que he visto algunos los Hispanohablantes decirlo.
Yes, there are people who use justo as "just" in the adverbial sense, though it means "exactly" or "precisely"
As in justo lo que nos hace falta "just what we need", or justo cuando llegamos "just when we got there"
I'm not sure if people use justo to mean "only" - the more common one is solo "only/just" as an adverb or solamente "only/just"
If people do use justo as "only" please let me know - I typically see it more as the "just" that's "exactly"
[this is of course ignoring justo/a as an adjective meaning "fair" or "just"]
A Brazilian Landscape, by Frans Post
A couple of weather related words:
keli - a word meaning "surface conditions", but often just used to mean "sää" (weather). You can say "todella huono keli tänään" to mean the surface conditions are bad and/or the weather is bad.
epävakaa - means unstable or changing, and used specifically for describing weather
nihkeä - meaning unpleasant, but especially relating to humid weather
tukala - meaning harsh, tricky, unpleasant and often used for weather - "tukala sää" (i.e. too hot)
tukahduttava - literally meaning suffocating or stifling - used for describing heat, such as "tukahduttava kuumuus" = "suffocating heat"
Listening and reading
As an intermediate learner of Spanish and Italian I can’t stress just how much I improve when I maintain regular reading and listening habits.
You don’t even have to be in the country of your target language, but of course it helps. Take advantage of YouTube, online versions of newspapers and even Facebook pages.
Discover the language’s memes and internet culture, observe how native speakers interact with each other in the comments sections.
Learn new skills and information directly in your target language and to recognise different text types.
The more you see and hear, the more easy it will be for you to speak and produce written texts. If you can check your understanding by asking natives or completing comprehension tasks accompanied by answer sheets then even better!
3 tips from an advanced foreign languages student and tutor
Immersion is key - You need to do things like listen to music in your target language, watch shows and movies in it, read books or fanfics in it if you can. And immersion goes beyond just that: try to use apps/social media to connect with natives. A lot of language learners aren't fortunate enough to spend vacation time in a country that speaks their target language, but surrounding yourself with the communication of natives in your TL absolutely helps you learn. In your regular fandoms for example, become mutuals with the fans who are natives in your TL and maybe try bonding over that! The passive learning that comes with just listening and reading, even if you can't translate line for line, absolutely helps with language proficiency.
Don't learn in a bubble - Listen, it's hard to learn new words and phrases if they're just sitting pretty on the page. It doesn't matter how aesthetic your vocab lists are- you need to use the new words and phrases you collect. Write a sentence using that new word you learnt and jotted down, so you have a way to remember the word used in an appropriate context. It becomes much easier to learn and remember vocabulary by by understanding their meaning and relating them to an actual situation. For visual learners, draw a doodle of the word! For aural learners, try saying it out loud on a recording or have a native/online dictionary say the word for you.
Literature/Culture is important - You need to do research and explore the culture/society of the countries/places that use your target language. Like, I don't mean traveling, but just, in English, research the art and writing and philosophy that were born in your target language. Language is inherently tied to culture/specific ethnic groups because they form the basis for how the language has evolved and is used. A decent understanding and big interest in the art and music and philosophy and the politics of persons from your TL's countries/regions goes a long way in your understanding of how to use the language, especially in formal ways.
Työt riittää. - I’m over this work. (I’m sick of it).
Töitä riittää. - I have enough work. (The amount of work is sufficient).
communication vocab 💬
sanoa - to say sana - word puhua - to talk puhe - speech pitää puhe - to give a speech keskustelu - conversation keskustella - to discuss, converse on huutaa - to shout, scream kysyä - to ask kysymys - question vastata - to answer vastaus - answer tiedustella - to inquire, enquire selittää - to explain, explicate selitys - explanation kommunikoida - to communicate kommunikaatio - communication todeta - to state, note kuiskata - to whisper toistaa - to repeat valehdella - to lie valehtelija - liar valhe - lie kiroilla - to swear, curse kirosana - swear word sananlasku - proverb, saying kirjoittaa - to write viesti - message tekstiviesti - text message sähköposti - e-mail
Translation strategies:
Translating texts from language A to language B sounds easy at first, but there’s a whole science behind translating from one language to another, or rather from one culture to another. Here are some translation strategies that are used to make a translation as ‘readable’ as possible for the target audience, while maintaining the meaning and mood of the source text.
Helpful terms:
source language = language of the text you want to translate
target language = language that you want to translate a text to
………………………………………………
Literal translation:
This is probably the most obvious translation strategy, but also often the most difficult one. There are a lot of things that influence your translation, such as grammar, sentence structure, idioms, cultural terms, etc. which can make literal translations difficult.
Examples:
German: Er beschreibt es wie folgt -> English: He describes it as follows
Reformulation/Equivalent term:
This strategy uses the closest equivalent term in the target language or a complete reformulation to translate a concept. It’s not a literal translation and you don’t just use the term of the source language. Which term you use depends on the target audience (their knowledge of the souce language, their target country, etc.).
Examples:
German: ADAC -> English: German Motoring Club / German AA
German: Abitur -> English: A-Levels / highschool diploma / university entrance qualification
Additions & subtractions:
These strategies add or leave out information from the source text depending on how familiar their target audience is with the text material.
Examples:
Subtraction: If you translate the German text “der englische Kronprinz Charles” about Prince Charles for an English target audience, you don’t necessarily have to specify who he is or what role he plays, since most English people know that already.
Addition: This works the other way around as well. If you have a German text talking about “Merkel”, you might want to add “the German chancellor Angela Merkel” if your translation is aimed at an English audience, so that they know who you’re talking about
No translation:
This strategy just leaves a term in the source language as it is. This applies especially to cultural terms, proper names, atmosphere, etc.
Example:
You would probably leave the German terms “Oktoberfest” and “Lederhosen” as they are, instead of describing them as a “Munich Beer Festival” and “leather trousers”.
Omission:
This strategy completely omits a cultural term of the source text in the translation. This strategy is used carefully and with consideration and is usually only used when the term is not important for the meaning of the text.
Example:
When the author of the German target text writes that his favourite subject when he went to the “Gymnasium” was Latin, you don’t necessarily have to explain what a German Gymnasium is. It’s usually enough to say that his favourite subject at school was Latin.
Modulation:
When using modulation, there is always a slight change in the sentence. This is used to achieve the most understandable translation of the source text for the target audience without changing the meaning. There are 5 types of modulation.
1. Shift of Imagery:
This strategy uses a shift of imagery (especially if certain imageries or metaphors don’t work in the target language).
Example:
German: “auf die Socken machen” -> English: “to hit the road”
2. Positive/Negative:
Example:
German: nicht schlecht (literally: not bad) -> English: good
3. Cause/Effect:
Here, the chronology of cause and effect in a sentence are reversed (without changing the meaning!) to make a sentence more “readable”.
Example:
German: Der Schirm war nass, weil es regnete -> English: Since it rained, the umbrella was wet
4. 1st person/2nd person:
Example:
German: Ich lass von mir hören -> English: You’ll hear from me
5. Abstract/Concrete:
English: It’s raining cats and dogs -> German: Es regnete stark
Transposition:
Here, the grammatical characteristics of certain terms are changed to improve the translation. There are 5 types of transpositions:
1. Class-shifts:
Here, a word changes its class from language A to language B, e.g. from a verb to a noun.
Example:
German: die Beachtung der Regeln -> English: to consider the rules
2. Singular/Plural:
Example:
German: Informationen -> English: information
3. Active/Passive:
Example:
German: die Männchen lassen sich huckepack von den Weibchen tragen -> English: the females give the males a piggy back ride
4. Present tense/past tense:
Example:
German: Was sagst du da? -> English: What did you say?
5. Zero Article/Definite Article
Example:
German: Das Abendessen ist fertig -> English: Dinner is ready
Sources:
Smith & Klein-Braley, “In Other Words… Arbeitsbuch Übersetzung”. Hueber: Ismaning. 1989.
+ my study notes
I’ve heard the finnish word omaiset being translated to mean both “kinsmen” and “loved ones”, though in finnish it’s used as a blanket term for anyone close to someone, especially spouses and family. The word is used in legal terms, omainen is someone who could for example expect to have claim for a share of someone’s inheritance, or custody of a minor.
The word comes from the word “oma”, which as an adjective means someone’s own, private, personal, owned by someone who needs to be defined in the sentence. The -nen is a diminutive.
The word never specifies shared ancestry or fond feelings. You don’t have to love them, nor be related by blood. The word doesn’t even specify whether you own them or they own you. They’re just your people.