Granit, sert, kristal yapılı minerallerden meydana gelen taneli görünüşlü magmatik derinlik kültesi. Plüton içindeki taneler çoğunlukla gözle görülebilir büyüklüktedir. Esas mineralleri feldspatın ortoklas cinsi ile az miktardaplajioklas ve kuvarstır. Ayrıca mika, hornblend, piroksen ve ikinci gruba giren turmalin, apatit, zirkon, grena, manyetit gibi mineraller de bulunabilir.
Granitlerin renkleri, genellikle açık olmakla birlikte, içindeki feldspatların ve diğer minerallerin cins ve miktarına göre gri, pembe,turucu olabilir.
Granitler, yeryüzünde çok yaygın olarak bulunurlar. Çeşitli yer kabuğu modellerinde görünür. Yeryüzünün temelini teşekkül ettirdiği kabul edilmektedir. Doğada dayk, silis ve batolitler halinde bulunabilir.
Yollarda parke ve bordür taşı, yapılarda yapı taşı olarak çok eskiden beri bol miktarda kullanılmaktadır. Aşınmaya, basınca, darbeye karşı dayanıklı, güzel renkli ve iyi cila kabul eder. Atmosfer tesirlerine ve ayrışmaya karşı direnci yüksektir. Günümüzde daha çok parke ve bordür taşı ve bazı büyük yapılarda kaplama taşı olarak kullanılmaktadır.
Granit, yeriçinde 400 santigrat derece civarında bir ısıya sahip olup, soğuması birkaç bin yıl gibi çok uzun bir zamanı kapsar. Bu ısı aynı zamanda jeotermal suların da kaynağıdır. Yeriçine süzülen suların, granitlerin çatlakları arasındaki hareketi, hem granitin yüksek ısısı ile su sıcaklığını arttırır hem de çözünebilir haldeki mineraller suyun bünyesine dahil olur. Jeotermal suların oluşumu bu şekilde gerçekleşir.
Granitlerde kuvars, genellikle hacmen % 20'nin üzerindedir. Derinlik külteleri arasında hacmen % 40'tan fazla kuvars ihtiva eden türe rastlanmaz. Kuvars ve ağır silikatlar bakımından zengin olan kayaçlar gabro sınıfına girer. Esas bileşeni olan feldspat plajioklas ve ortoklas (alkali feldspat) halinde olması mümkündür. Birinin diğerine oranı genellikle ikiden azdır. Granitlerde bulunan ikinci ana mineraller muskovit, biyotit, amfibol, piroksen veya nadiren fayalit (demirli olivin) olarak sıralanabilir. Genellikle bunlardan iki veya üçü bir arada bulunur.Çeşitli sınıflamalarda koyu renkli minerallerin oranı farklı olmakla birlikte hacmen % 20'den fazla koyu renkli mineral ihtiva eden taşlara genellikle granit adı verilmemektedir.
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Granite /ˈɡrænɨt/ is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock which is granular and phaneritic in texture. The word "granite" comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock. The term 'granite' also applies to a group of intrusive igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations on composition and origin. These rocks mainly consist of feldspar, quartz,mica, and amphibole minerals. These form interlocking somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole (often hornblende) peppering the lighter color minerals. Occasionally some individual crystals (phenocrysts) are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. By definition, granite is an igneous rock with at least 20% quartz and up to 65% alkali feldspar by volume. Granite differs from granodiorite in that at least 35% of the feldspar in granite is alkali feldspar as opposed to plagioclase; it is the potassium feldspar that gives many granites a distinctive pink color. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite.
Granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout humanity, and more recently as a construction stone. The average densityof granite is between 2.65[1] and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6 • 1019 Pa·s.[2] Melting temperature is 1215–1260 °C.[3]
Granite has poor primary permeability but strong secondary permeability.
Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks. Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids.[4]
The term 'granitic' means granite-like and is applied to granite and rocks of similar composition or texture.
The rock known as black granite is usually gabbro.[5]
Granite is classified according to the QAPF diagram for coarse grained plutonic rocks and is named according to the percentage of quartz, alkali feldspar (orthoclase, sanidine, or microcline) andplagioclase feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite. When a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite; pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite. Two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites.
Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs. Granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite is usually found in thecontinental plates of the Earth's crust.
Granite is currently known only on Earth, where it forms a major part of continental crust. Granite often occurs as relatively small, less than 100 km² stock masses (stocks) and in batholiths that are often associated withorogenic mountain ranges. Small dikes of granitic composition called aplites are often associated with the margins of granitic intrusions. In some locations, very coarse-grained pegmatite masses occur with granite.
Granite has been intruded into the crust of the Earth during all geologic periods, although much of it is of Precambrian age. Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the continental crust and is the most abundantbasement rock that underlies the relatively thin sedimentary veneer of the continents.
Granite has felsic composition and is more common in recent geologic time in contrast to Earth's ultramafic ancient igneous history. Felsic rocks are less dense than mafic and ultramafic rocks, and thus they tend to escape subduction, whereas basaltic or gabbroic rocks tend to sink into the mantle beneath granitic rocks of the continental cratons. Therefore, granitic rocks form the basement of all land continents.
Kaynak: Wikipedia, geology.com
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