Mouth: Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use.
Teeth: The human teeth function to mechanically break down items of food by cutting and crushing them in preparation for swallowing and digesting. Humans have four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each with a specific function. The incisors cut the food, the canines tear the food and the molars and premolars crush the food.
Tongue: A muscular organ in the mouth that manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing. It is of importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
Salivary glands: The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist. It also helps break down carbohydrates and lubricates the passage of food down from the oro-pharynx to the esophagus to the stomach. Types: Parotid glands, Submandibular glands, and Sublingual glands.
Pharynx: A cone-shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx chamber serves both respiratory and digestive functions. The throat.
Esophagus: The esophagus is a long, thin, and muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It forms an important piece of the gastrointestinal tract and functions as the conduit for food and liquids that have been swallowed into the pharynx to reach the stomach.
Stomach: The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. Ridges of muscle tissue called rugae line the stomach. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion.
Pyloric sphincter: A muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.
Small intestine: The small intestine is the part of the intestines where 90% of the digestion and absorption of food occurs, the other 10% taking place in the stomach and large intestine. The main function of the small intestine is absorption of nutrients and minerals from food. Divided into three sections: Duodenum, first, jejunum, middle, ileum, final.
Large intestine: The major function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body.
Liver: Has about 500 different functions. Primary functions are: Bile production and excretion - excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs - metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates - enzyme activation - storage of glycogen - vitamins, and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors - blood detoxification and purification.
Gallbladder: The gallbladder is a pear-shaped, hollow structure located under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver. The gallbladder is part of the biliary tract.
Mesentery: A fold of tissue that attaches organs to the body wall. The word mesentery usually refers to the small bowel mesentery, which anchors the small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall. Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics branch through the mesentery to supply the intestine.
Pancreas: Enzymes, or digestive juices, are secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine. There, it continues breaking down food that has left the stomach. The pancreas also produces the hormone insulin and secretes it into the bloodstream, where it regulates the body's glucose or sugar level.
Anus: The last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid.
Appendix: Previously thought to be useless, researchers deduce that the appendix is designed to protect good bacteria in the gut. That way, when the gut is affected by a bout of diarrhea or other illness that cleans out the intestines, the good bacteria in the appendix can repopulate the digestive system and keep you healthy.
Goldfish don’t have stomachs and should therefore be fed easily digestible food in lots of small feeding sessions, rather than lots of food at once. This is also why goldfish produce so much waste and why you need a filter to keep their water clean.
With the proper care, goldfish can live for decades. This goldfish was said to be 45 years old.
The collective noun for goldfish is “a troubling”.
Goldfish can tell different faces apart and are able to distinguish between different shapes, colors and sounds.
Many people say that goldfish have a memory of just a few seconds, but this is a myth! Goldfish have a memory span of at least three months!
Goldfish can be stunted by being kept in tanks that are too small for them and where the water quality is poor. This means that they don’t reach their full potential size. However, goldfish can grow to be over a foot long when kept in the right environment.Â
Goldfish have no eyelids, so they have to sleep with their eyes open!
Goldfish have been kept as pets for over 2000 yearsKeeping pet goldfish dates all the way back to ancient China.
No fish urinate. Instead of expelling ammonia by urinating (as mammals do), fish filter ammonia from the water using their gills.
The metabolism of a goldfish will slow down significantly in cold water, almost like they are hibernating. This means that goldfish can survive in very low temperatures, sometimes even in ponds that have frozen over for the winter.
Goldfish and koi are both members of the carp family, but they are not the same species. They can interbreed but their offspring will be sterile.
Goldfish change colour depending on light levels.If your goldfish is kept in the dark at night, you may notice that its color appears faded when you switch the aquarium light on again in the morning. Also, goldfish kept outdoors with greater exposure to natural light are usually more colorful than goldfish that are kept indoors.
In the early 17th century it was traditional for men to give their wives a goldfish on their one-year anniversary! This was meant to symbolise a prosperous future, but the tradition died out when goldfish became more readily available.
Touching a goldfish can endanger its health! You should never pet your fish, as you may damage the slime coat that protects its skin from infection.
In the wild, goldfish prefer freshwater, particularly slow-moving, calm water. Goldfish have also shown preference to thick and muddy water, and cloudy or dense water doesn’t trouble them at all. In other areas, goldfish populations have been found happily living in stagnant backwaters, where they feast on the ample aquatic plant life.
Goldfish also prefer cooler waters, and for this reason shouldn’t be kept in tropical aquariums. Another thing to keep in mind if you want a pet goldfish is that they require twice the amount of space that tropical fish require, so don’t overload your tank.
Goldfish have a sense of routine and can be trained to do small tricks like swimming through hoops and pulling levers to release food.
Denim:Â Denim is a material made from 100% cotton. This is a cotton thread that is used to make a particular weave. It has warped threads in which a weft thread is placed under. This forms the traditional diagonal ribbing on the surface of the material. (i)
Velvet:Â Velvet made entirely from silk is rare and usually has market prices of several hundred US dollars per yard. Cotton is also used to make velvet, though this often results in a less luxurious fabric. Velvet can also be made from fibers such as linen, mohair, and wool. (i)
Corduroy: Generally made of all cotton or a cotton/polyester blend, modern corduroy's pile is usually woven and cut in a striped pattern, resulting in distinctive ribs, or wales, that run the length of the fabric. (i)
Flannel: Originally made from carded wool or worsted yarn, but is now often made from either wool, cotton, or synthetic fiber. Vegetable flannel is made from Scots pine fibre. (i)
Chiffon: Primarily made from cotton, silk or synthetic fibers like nylon, rayon and polyester. (i)
Brocade: Brocade fabrics mainly consist of solid or multi-colored silk threads, often times combined with gold or silver metallic threads. A brocade is woven by adding a supplementary weft to the weave, creating the illusion that sections have been embossed into the fabric, or embroidered on top of it. (i)
Tweed: Tweed is a type of fabric made from rough, woven wool. It may or may not use a twill or diagonal weave. Herringbone, a twill pattern in which the diagonal slant of the weave alternates, is popular in tweed. Many tweed fabrics also make use of threads of different colours to create an attractive "heather" effect. Tweed was traditionally hand dyed using local natural dyes and hand woven. Dyes for traditional luxury tweeds came from plant life such as moss, lichens, and blackberries. (i)
Felt: Felt is a textile material that is produced by matting, condensing and pressing fibers together. Felt can be made of natural fibers such as wool or animal fur, or from synthetic fibers such as petroleum-based acrylic or acrylonitrile or wood pulp-based rayon. Blended fibers are also common. (i)
Gauze: Gauze was originally made of silk and was used for clothing. It is now used for many different things, including gauze sponges for medical purposes. When used as a medical dressing, gauze is generally made of cotton. It is especially useful for dressing wounds where other fabrics might stick to the burn or laceration. (i)
Moleskin:Â Moleskin fabric is made from cotton, which is sheared to create a smooth textured surface that feels like the skin of the soil loving mole. Soft and hard wearing, it is a popular alternative to fabrics like wool or linen. (i)
Tartan: Tartan is a pattern consisting of criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours. Tartans originated in woven wool, but now they are made in many other materials. (i)
Plush: Modern plush are commonly manufactured from synthetic fibres such as polyester. (i)
You should always see a doctor if you have a concussion. Generally, concussions don’t usually need major medical treatments such as surgery. However, you may need it if you have:
bleeding in the brain
swelling of the brain
a serious injury to the brain
Long-term Complications:
Post-traumatic headaches. Some people experience headaches within a week to a few months after a brain injury.
Post-traumatic vertigo. Some people experience a sense of spinning or dizziness for days, week or months after a brain injury.
Post-concussion syndrome. Some people have symptoms — such as headaches, dizziness and thinking difficulties — a few days after a concussion. Symptoms may continue for weeks or months.
Cumulative effects of multiple brain injuries. It's possible that some people who have had one or more traumatic brain injuries over the course of their lives are at greater risk of developing lasting, possibly progressive, impairment that limits function. This is an area of active research.
Second impact syndrome. Rarely, experiencing a second concussion before signs and symptoms of a first concussion have resolved may result in rapid and usually fatal brain swelling.
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