Notes of Interim Tutorials
Literature / Methodology / Future Reading

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Notes of Interim Tutorials
Literature / Methodology / Future Reading
The Arichive of Tangzi and Kang’s videos
Time frame: 07/2019~02/2020
Fetched in 07/2020
Number of videos: 20
💡 Congratulations!
There are actually many lucky days in the past two months. So many of couples that I followed on TikTok got married these days. It’s really a good news that I’d like to share here!
It feels like I’m growing together with my research objects. And I appreciate that they have been sharing their lives on social networks so we can get the opportunity to witness their happiness!
Also, as their identity literally transferred from boyfriend/girlfriend to husband/wife, some even dad/mom, the content of their short-form videos is experiencing changes simultaneously. That said, the online consumed love culture is also experiencing development every second.
Thus, I need to bare in mind that attention needed to be paid to my research objects all the time.
“Readjust, reimagine, reconsider, and reevaluate if possible.”
Figure: The Archive of Case 1 (QijiuNaoye)’s Videos
This archive collected main information about 20 selected videos of my case study object 1. By analysing the scripts, lines and audiovisual details, this figure may provides systematic records for further discussions.
The screenshots of couple account samples
From which we can see their videos’ visual style: vertical/horizontal, whether they have good looks, their appearance management in the frame, and what they add in post-production. Also, it would be interesting to consider what is not in the screenshots(what is not shown here) and why.
Figure: The Archive of Couple Accounts on TikTok
Literature about social media presentation
Keywords: self-presentation and impression management (Goffman)
Literature about short-form love video
Related to love reality show and soap opera
Literature about TikTok
Literature about short-form video
Keywords Pool - Workshop 1 Exercise
Intimate relationship / social media / young people / short-form video / love / TikTok / reshape cognition / symbolic consumption / video production / mobile app / relationship validation / empathy / emotion / reflection / interaction / fake and real / communication / self presentation
Implementation
What is your plan for implementing your project (design and/or research)?
I plan to enrich my research by involving knowledge of gender, feminism, social psychology, media, communications and culture critique. Introducing new angles to this creative research will help.
What alternatives have you considered (if any)? What are their strengths/weaknesses?
Option: Compare TikTok love videos in China and in the UK to explore cultural difference in intimate relationship
Strengths:
- Introduce an amazing view of comparison between eastern and western culture and their value of romance.
- Make the research more challenging and fruitful.
Weaknesses:
- As affection presentation diverse on social media, it would be much more difficult to find common value and logic of different content with different cultural background. In this case, it would be better to analyse samples within the same cultural background, i.e. to set a limit to the region.
- Another weakness is TikTok has different versions and distinct developing speed in different countries, which leads to different categories of popular content. As far as I’m concerned, the main focus of TikTok out of China is on singing, dancing and some amusing memes instead of vlogs. So the significance of love content in the UK is weaker.
Working from your methodology, (how) might things change? Why?
As I kept eyes on both production and consumption, I need to shift my viewpoints between two sides, which may lead to conflicts on previous findings.
And maybe I will find it necessary to set up a focus group after interviews to have more in-depth discussions with some participants instead of 1 on 1.
What needs to be done next?
It is clear that I need to integrate literature and write review, integrate videos and complete data collection, design the interview questions and conduct interviews. The most important thing is to keep reading books related to my research topic and about researching.
Methodology
How have you approached this project?
I plan to use Content analysis, Case study and Interview in this research. Firstly set up archives of generators and their videos as a basis. Then analyse the files with theories in communications—furthermore, interview samples on their perception of these videos and their attitude. Finally, come up with conclusions on production, consumption and suggestions to deal with negative effects of consumed love culture.
Do you have any design/research principles, guidelines, rules, etc. in place?
Well, I firstly deconstruct my research topic into several keywords as I learned in Workshop 1. And then read scholarly literature under different research direction.Unlike other researchers, I think it is indispensable to include discussion about both production and consumption once researching videos. There must be reasons related to contributors that make audiences have empathy or silently reshape their cognition. So it is necessary to look into both video production and users’ motives and feedback of viewing these videos and perceiving such content on social media.
What considerations (targets, practical aspects, ethics, how would people engage with your project etc.) do you need to take into account?
I think it’s essential to get an interview consent before doing any interviews and to keep the conversation content anonymous to get more real answers and help interviewees relax. Also, as I will collect data of selected contributors’ videos, I should clarify that there is no commercial use of their works in my report and dissertation.
What constraints are there on you/the project (if any)?
The most constraint I assume would be subjective validation which means I quite rely on my own in-depth thinking about this issue as there are few papers to refer. Also, the content analysis part will base on my exploration, which may promote the originality but decrease the verifiability of some findings. However, I will try my best to search for related literature and try always to evaluate my opinions and theirs.
Another constraint could be that the consumed online love culture is still developing. The core value of intimate relationship presentation online that people trust is slightly transferring all the time. It means that as I conduct this research, the symbolic value of the latest videos on TikTok may be little different from my conclusions. I can explain as I set the time frame within a specific period, but it would be better if I keep updating the content and research until submission.
How will you evaluate your work?
I would evaluate my work by the following aspects:
the robustness of the main conclusions as well as the sub-conclusions
what are the communication strategies of couples’ videos
have these videos reshaped audiences’ cognition? From which aspects
how can we correctly interpret such consumed love culture
Critique & Reflection
Summarise the key findings from your literature research so far.
Short-form video
From the view of perceiving the content, short-form videos provide users a great tool to entertain, to relax, to absorb storytelling through videos combining ads and stories. As short-form video itself has incredible commercial value in this digital era, the majority of studies focus on the monetisation.
It should be added that different categories of short-form videos own their own characteristics, story contemplates and marketing strategies, to specify short-form video research. More importantly, it is sure that short-form love video, to some extent, is indeed a gap within the researches on this topic.
Short-form love video
This is indeed a gap where no scholars have explored before.
Reality outweighs the Show.
The role of audiences has been enhanced through interactions. Audiences participate and contribute more in content production and can decide where the story goes.
[ In essence, short-form love video, which can be taken as the condensed and digital edition of reality show and similarly soap opera, contains the rehearsal of relationship, performance art, exaggerations, and emotion engagement. The strengths and shortcomings could be amplified with narrative in limited time. ]
TikTok
Contributors have strong awareness of the content they post online and are trying to find a balance of commercial goals and entertainment.
There is a strong correlation "between the number of views and the number of likes"(Chen, et al., 2019).
The audience want to chase “fashion”, obtain information, and get preparation for practice(rehearsal).
The common research directions of the scholarly literature of TikTok, mainly including production, consumption, industry and ethics, provide insight into the further research.
Uses and Gratifications Theory(UGT)
On account of review, the rationality can be built when it comes to short-form video applications analysis. On the one hand, users, a self-motivated group of people, are both contributing and consuming content on particular platforms. On the other hand, it is TikTok's original attribute to be a platform gathered user-generated content, instead of a tool to control the dominant social opinions by hegemony. Based on UGT, this study will construct a whole and in-depth image of users' consumption of short-form love video on TikTok and better understand users with this user-centered approach.
Consumer Society
The existing literature under consumer society has discussed about the definition, the in-depth exploration of symbolic consumption, the cause and critique, as well as the application of consumer society. Connected with consumerism and capitalism, consumer society still has its utility in terms of consumption behaviour research in the current society. On this basis, social media, particularly the short-form video application as a typical product in digital world of consumption, should be combined with consumer society theory when digging and characterising user consuming behaviours and motivations, to fill the research gap.
Which of these findings are the most interesting to you? Why?
On the topic of the reality show, an interesting finding is that the big fans of reality shows tend to perceive the well-edited content as realistic(Papacharissi and Mendelson, 2007).
This is the only answer I found towards the primary debate in this research field. And it is a great conclusion to confirm that the audiences’ subjective consciousness win their objective consciousness as they believe it is real.
And this finding establishes the foundation of my research in this logic. People perceive these video content as realistic; then they finish value identification while viewing because they find the relationship that they desire here. In this line, audiences, in return, expect similar perfect intimate relationship in reality, but the results always let them down. In short, only when they believe the romance in shows or videos can these digital works reshape people’s cognition.
Which do you most disagree with? Why?
There is a strong correlation "between the number of views and the number of likes"(Chen, et al., 2019).
I'm afraid I have to disagree with this finding the most. Based on my previous experience of operating a TikTok account as an intern, I learned that it is TikTok’s original settings and algorithms that the more liked videos will gain more promotion (views) which correspondingly bring new likes. I would argue that the primary focus should be what is the relation between the content and the number of likes/forwards/comments.
Research
What are your influences & inspirations? (Specifically, list a few projects, papers, theories)
Main materials: Videos on TikTok (by couple generators)
Related theories:
Consumer society - Baudrillard, J., 1998. The consumer society: myths and structures, London: Sage.
Culture industry - Adorno, T.W.W. & Horkheimer, M., 2007. The culture industry: Enlightenment as mass deception. In Stardom and celebrity: A reader. SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 34–43.
Society of the spectacle - Debord, G., 1977. Society of the spectacle, Detroit: Black and Red.
One-dimensional man - Marcuse, H., 2002. One-dimensional man: studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society, Oxon [England]: Routledge.
Online intimacies - Chambers, D., 2013. Social media and personal relationships Online intimacies and networked friendship, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Self presentation - Goffman, E. 1971. The presentation of self in everyday life, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
What are the main issues and debates in this subject area?
As short-form video just became a hit recently and short-form love video is indeed a gap in this field, I prefer to introduce the primary debate in the love reality show(similar) research here. That is, whether the audiences regard these love stories as real ones or fake ones? Do they tend to believe it is a really good relationship, or they perceive them as performance art?
Another debate is whether the mobile short-form videos will replace screen-based entertainment in the future as few people watch TV currently.
Whereas, what are the motives and effects of viewing love reality shows? What are the underlying shared symbolic values of short-form love video? Further questions need exploitation in this field.
Which are the three most important papers that relate to your topic?
Though most useful literature will be the books(especially listed above), these three papers I think is relatively important.
Papacharissi, Zizi & Mendelson, Andrew, L., 2007. An exploratory study of reality appeal: uses and gratifications of reality TV shows. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 51(2), pp.355–370.
Song, E., 2003. Commodification and consumer society: a bibliographic review. Hedgehog Review, 5(2), pp.109–121.
Austruma S, 2012. Change of values in the consumer society. SHS Web of Conferences, 2, p.00004.
What is the relevance of your work to other researchers?
This study relates to general online content consumption - influence not only audiences’ cognition of love but also employment, interpersonal communication, personal career etc. Research on short-form love videos can provide a hint and some common valuable conclusions when looking into study on social media and user behaviours.
What is the relevance (if any) of your work to practitioners?
This work includes an exploration of strategies of short-form video production. Also, it contains data collection of selected case study account samples including the number of likes, comments, forwards and the theme of chosen videos which will form a relatively full view of the accounts’ growth and audiences’ preference.
Background
What is your main focus/concept/direction?
My main focus is to explore how young Chinese post and perceive contents about intimate relationships (love/couple) on social networks. More specifically, this research will take short-form love video as materials and TikTok as the selected platform.
As such short-form love videos have effects on people’s cognition and social behaviours, I would like to argue that the negative effects outweigh the positive ones.
What motivates and inspires you to carry out this research?
1. Videos in this category are quite popular in these years.
2. The audiences are at the age, shaping their cognition of relationship.
3. As any formal courses rarely teach the relationship, it could be a “textbook” for young people to mimic or create a perfect image for them.
4. This study can provide a close look at the logic behind which relates to interdisciplinary knowledge of culture, society, economy and other dimensions.
5. It relates to general online content consumption - influence not only audiences’ cognition of love but also employment, interpersonal communication, personal career etc. Research on short-form love videos can provide a hint and some common valuable conclusions when looking into study on social media and user behaviours.
What are your ambitions - what do you want the project to do? Why?
I have been deeply addicted to TikTok(CN) in these years so I can tell how we tend to blur the line between the reality and the spectacle that generators created through videos.
I hope this research can explain why are we rely on these videos about the intimate relationship and what are we believe in these videos. On this basis, we, therefore, realise that we are unconsciously educated to desire a too perfect relationship. And such consumed love culture will finally lead us to a romantic utopia, which, in essence, full of symbolic consumption.
Thus, my ambitions are to reflect on the obsession of today’s young Chinese in consumed love culture on social networks. Furthermore, to provide constructive suggestions on how can we correctly perceive online love content and shape healthier cognition about gender, love, intimate relationships.