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Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) - India

For UPSC Civil Services Examination (Prelims & Mains) | GS Paper II, GS Paper III | Governance | Economy | Science & Technology Introduction The 21st century is witnessing a transformation in the way governments deliver public services. While roads, railways and ports continue to constitute the traditional physical infrastructure of a nation, an equally important form of infrastructure has…

Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) - India

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India: Opportunities, Challenges, Governance and the IndiaAI Mission

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most transformative technologies of the twenty-first century. Just as the steam engine powered the Industrial Revolution, electricity transformed manufacturing, and the internet reshaped communication and commerce, Artificial Intelligence is redefining how societies produce, consume, govern, learn, and innovate. Today, AI…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India: Opportunities, Challenges, Governance and the IndiaAI Mission

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India's Semiconductor Mission: A Game Changer for Tech Growth

Introduction Imagine a world where cars stop rolling off assembly lines, smartphones disappear from store shelves, defence systems face production delays, and artificial intelligence development slows dramatically—all because of a tiny electronic component measuring just a few millimetres. This was not a hypothetical scenario; it was the reality during the global semiconductor shortage of…

India's Semiconductor Mission: A Game Changer for Tech Growth

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HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN INDIA

The Foundation of Economic Development 1. Introduction The history of economic development demonstrates that the true wealth of nations does not lie merely in their natural resources, geographical location, or physical infrastructure. Rather, it lies in the capabilities of their people. Countries endowed with limited natural resources have often achieved extraordinary levels of prosperity by…

HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN INDIA

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India's Demographic Dividend: Opportunity or Challenge?

“A nation’s greatest resource is not its minerals or natural wealth—it is its people. But only when those people are healthy, educated, and productively employed.” India stands at one of the most significant turning points in its history. While many developed countries such as Japan, Germany, South Korea, and Italy are struggling with ageing populations and shrinking workforces, India enjoys a…

India's Demographic Dividend: Opportunity or Challenge?

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Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: A Blueprint for Affordable Housing

Introduction Housing occupies a central position in the socio-economic development of any nation. Beyond providing physical shelter, adequate housing contributes to human dignity, social security, health outcomes, educational attainment, gender empowerment, and economic productivity. The quality of housing often serves as an important indicator of a society’s level of development and the…

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: A Blueprint for Affordable Housing

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🌍 Rare Earth Elements: Critical Minerals and the New Geopolitics of Technology

7 🧭 Introduction In the contemporary world, geopolitical power is increasingly shaped not merely by military strength or territorial control, but by access to critical technological resources. Among these, Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have emerged as some of the most strategically significant minerals of the 21st century. These minerals form the foundation of modern technological civilisation.…

🌍 Rare Earth Elements: Critical Minerals and the New Geopolitics of Technology

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Strait of Hormuz: Geography, Geopolitics and Global Energy Security

🧭 Introduction Among the numerous strategic locations that shape the modern global order, few possess the geopolitical and geoeconomic significance of the Strait of Hormuz. This narrow maritime passage in West Asia occupies a disproportionately central place in international politics because it serves as the principal gateway for the movement of energy resources from the hydrocarbon-rich Persian…

Strait of Hormuz: Geography, Geopolitics and Global Energy Security

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Understanding Aravalli Hills: Ecology vs. Development

🧭 Introduction The Aravalli Hills, one of the oldest fold mountain systems in the world, stretch across Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, and Gujarat. Despite their ecological significance, the region has become the centre of a growing controversy involving environmental degradation, illegal mining, urban expansion, and policy dilution. The debate reflects a classic policy dilemma: “Balancing…

Understanding Aravalli Hills: Ecology vs. Development

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🌍 Iran–Israel Conflict and Its Global Impact: A Comprehensive Analysis

6 🧭 Introduction The ongoing confrontation between Iran and Israel (with involvement of global powers) represents one of the most critical geopolitical crises of the contemporary era. What appears as a regional conflict in West Asia has rapidly transformed into a systemic global shock, affecting energy markets, trade flows, financial systems, and geopolitical alignments. The crisis is…

🌍 Iran–Israel Conflict and Its Global Impact: A Comprehensive Analysis

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MSMEs in India: Contributions and Challenges

Introduction The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector is regarded as the growth engine of the Indian economy. It plays a critical role in employment generation, industrialization of rural and backward areas, reduction of regional imbalances, and inclusive development. Given its low capital-intensive nature and high employment orientation, MSMEs significantly contribute to the…

MSMEs in India: Contributions and Challenges

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Understanding Inflation: Impacts and Types Explained

Inflation is a critical concept in economics that signifies the persistent rise in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. It reduces the purchasing power of money and affects economic stability, investment, saving behavior, and policy decisions. Understanding inflation is essential for civil services aspirants, as it features prominently in Indian…

Understanding Inflation: Impacts and Types Explained

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Pahalgam Terror Attack: A Security Analysis

The Pahalgam terror attack of April 22, 2025, stands as a stark reminder of the persistent internal security challenges confronting India. This meticulously orchestrated assault not only inflicted profound human tragedy but also exposed critical vulnerabilities in intelligence, counter-terrorism operations, and border security mechanisms. A comprehensive analysis from an internal security…

Pahalgam Terror Attack: A Security Analysis

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Food Management

Food management in India is a crucial aspect of ensuring food security, reducing wastage, enhancing nutrition, and supporting sustainable agricultural practices. With a population of over 1.4 billion, India faces significant challenges in managing food production, distribution, storage, and accessibility. The government has implemented various policies, schemes, and institutional frameworks to…

Food Management

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Horticulture Sector

Horticulture sector, a vital sub-sector of agriculture and allied activities, involves the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants. Over the years, the horticulture sector in India has emerged as a key driver of agricultural growth due to its higher productivity, profitability, and export potential. India is the second-largest producer…

Horticulture Sector

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Dairy Farming

Dairy farming is one of the most important allied activities of agriculture in India. It plays a crucial role in rural livelihoods, nutrition security, and economic development. India is the largest producer of milk in the world, contributing significantly to the global dairy industry. The sector provides employment to over 80 million rural households, most of whom are small and marginal farmers.…

Dairy Farming

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Allied Activities

Allied activities refer to non-crop agricultural activities that supplement the income of farmers. These include dairy farming, poultry, fisheries, beekeeping, sericulture, floriculture, and agroforestry. Given the vulnerability of crop-based agriculture to climatic and market fluctuations, allied activities play a crucial role in ensuring sustainable rural livelihoods and doubling farmers’…

Allied Activities