PSA if you find yourself buying kitchen smallware (pots/pans, ladles, other cookware) for yourself, it really pays to be aware of the materials you have to choose from! like really, there are some serious gotchas that are easily avoided and yet they sell the Bad Material anyways. read on to learn more!
Aluminum does not like being machine washed: it gets all blotchy and sad and the surface texture is off. It's still safe to use, but ugly, but also potentially fixable. The upsides of aluminum are that it's cheap and conducts heat very well. Bakeware (cake pans, cookie sheets, etc.) are often aluminum. I'm going to avoid it where I can because I'd like to maximize machine washability in my kitchen.
Steel is an alloy (blend) of iron with a bunch of other stuff, most notably carbon, nickel, chromium, titanium, and molybdenum. The different blends give it different properties that can matter a surprising amount. There are a couple of major things to watch out for as well.
Cast iron has >2% carbon. We cast it into thick, heavy cookware that is slow to heat and cool. Cast iron likes to be seasoned by baking (not smoking) thin layers of high-smoke-point oil over the entire surface. It's fairly easy to clean and decently nonstick, and the coating is naturally repairable by continuing to use and maintain it. Avoid highly acidic dishesāonions are fine, but simmering a tomato sauce not so much. It's...honestly it is more of a pet than a tool. It's fun to work with, but heavy and clunky and does demand care. If you can only have one pan, a 10" Lodge skillet is a good choice, but if you're looking for a full set of cookware or a pan to get six of, cast iron is probably not the right choice.
Carbon steel (or "high carbon steel") has less than 2% carbon (ironically), and is much more malleable than cast iron. It's generally machined thin and thus is also pretty light. The only carbon steel I've owned is a wok, so I'll speak to the preparation steps I took for that:
Wash it thoroughly: woks at least ship covered in a grease to keep them from rusting in storage and transit. Gotta get rid of that.
Blue the steel: Heat the pan up to ~500°F until the whole thing turns blue. You can do this on a gas stove (I did, it was fun), but you can also just toss it in the oven (I would do this next time for better consistency). This step produces a protective magnetite coating (Fe3O4) that inhibits the formation of rust (Fe2O3) and bonds happily with oil.
Oil and smoke: Coat the thing in high-smoke-point oil and then...smoke it. Burn it until it stops smoking. I did this step on the stove as well, and I would do this in the oven next time too. Be sure to coat the inside and outside; this is important for rust prevention as well as the nonstick layer.
Since doing these, it's been lovely to work with. Oil makes it nice and nonstick each time you cook. Not dishwasher safe, but pretty easy to clean by hand.
Galvanized steel is coated with zinc. When heated up too hot (say, carbon steel bluing temperatures...) the coating will burn off and you can get zinc poisoning. Yippee! I would avoid galvanized steel in heat-facing applications, and probably everywhere else in the kitchen. They do sell some galvanized gear though, so watch out.
Stainless steel has a good amount of chromium and nickel: if you see numbers like 18/10, that's 18% chrome and 10% nickel. Higher numbers generally better. Most of my info about this comes from this reddit post. If a listing doesn't specify what blend of stainless it is, it's junk. Stainless is good in the dishwasher, it's the choice of commercial kitchens, it cleans up nicely, it's light. The drawback: the way heat distributes makes it easy to burn things. It takes some adjustment to cook with stainless.
Most common grade of stainless for cookware. Strongly prefer 18/10 over 18/8 (or unspecified).
More expensive, more better. Contains molybdenum. Basically rust-proof; uncommon in cookware.
Stainless 400 (Nickel-free)
Generally not suitable for cookware. Debate about whether there's any benefit for those with severe nickel allergies. If it's really a concern, just don't get stainlessāthe nickel is important to the material's corrosion resistance. Has been hyped up by influencers and such.
Heat resistant, can go in the oven up to about 425°F depending on who you ask. Dishwasher safe.
This is the coating on nonstick pans. Dishwasher safe, but watch out... Don't scratch it, don't burn it, it's an ill-tempered genie playing the long con. It wants to kill you. Nonstick pans don't last as long as other materials simply because it's useless once it's scraped up, and can't be repaired. Common choice for the modern day, but I'm going to stay away from now on.
Before buying smallware, think about where you're going to store it and how you're going to clean it. I recommend avoiding riveted handles if you have the option: minimize the nooks and crannies where food can get stuck, it makes cleaning that much easier.