To talk a bit about german immigration to south america, specially Brasil, we didn't even need to go to obscure bibliography, a simple Wikipedia page has most of the relevant information that can overlap with other S.A countries for sure:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Brazilians
"Between 1824 and 1972, about 260,000 Germans settled in Brazil,[6] the fifth largest nationality to immigrate after the Portuguese, Italians, Spaniards and Japanese.[6] (...)
The first German immigrants to Brazil arrived as early as the 16th century, although organized immigration began only in the 19th century. The causes of this process can be found in the frequent social problems that occurred in Europe and the abundance of land in Brazil. (...)
German immigration to Brazil began before the independence from Portugal and remained relatively constant until the 1960s. (...)
Until the unification in 1871, there was no German national state; the region was a mosaic composed of various principalities, counties, kingdoms, and duchies.[31] European powers regarded German fragmentation as a pillar of continental geopolitics, fearing that a unified Germany would disrupt the balance of power. In this context, the region became one of the main sources of emigration in the 19th century: between 1824 and 1914, approximately 5.4 million Germans left Europe.[32] Brazil attracted only a small fraction of this contingent (about 2% of the total), while the United States absorbed more than 90% of the flow. Despite this disparity, Brazil consolidated its position as the second most preferred destination outside North America, surpassing Argentina (0.85%) and Canada (0.84%) between 1871 and 1913.
The reasons behind this large-scale departure can be summarized through a combination of push and pull factors. Historically, there was already a strong migratory tradition directed toward North America since the 18th century, with estimates of up to 100,000 immigrants during the colonial period.[32] Between 1816 and 1914, this flow to the United States rose to 5.5 million people, prompting Brazil to attempt to “divert” part of this consolidated movement through active propaganda and subsidies.[33]
In the economic sphere, subsistence crises and severe inflation were decisive factors. In 1842, crop failures raised the price of grains by up to 300% and that of potatoes by 425% within just two years, provoking rebellions fueled by famine and transforming emigration into a survival strategy.[34][35] This situation was compounded by a problematic landholding structure: in southwestern Germany — in areas such as Hunsrück, the Palatinate, Baden, and Württemberg — inheritance legislation required the division of property among all heirs. The result was excessive fragmentation, with 75% of farmers lacking sufficient land for subsistence and more than 60% of properties measuring less than 5 hectares, in some cases shrinking to parcels of 1 to 2 hectares in Hunsrück.[34][36][37] Additionally, high taxation further aggravated rural precariousness, reaching between 30% and 40% of the income of poor peasants.[37] (...)
German immigration to Brazil also increased during specific conjunctural moments, such as in 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 imposed rigid quotas and monthly limits on immigrant entry into the United States. As a result, the proportion of Germans migrating to North America fell to 38.5%, redirecting thousands of immigrants to Brazil and Argentina.[40] Finally, the flow was reinforced by immigration networks, in which letters from already established relatives facilitated logistics and encouraged new departures through the phenomenon known as the “chain migration.”[41] (...)
In the first half of the twentieth century, German immigration to Brazil reached a numerical volume greater than that recorded during the entire nineteenth century. Between 1918, the end of World War I, and 1933, the year of Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, approximately 80,000 Germans disembarked in the country.[11] During the crisis of the Weimar Republic, hyperinflation reached astronomical levels in Germany, peaking in November 1923, when one U.S. dollar was worth 4.2 trillion marks, wiping out middle-class savings and rendering industrial wages virtually worthless.[74][75] In 1924 alone, 21,016 German immigrants entered Brazil, making it the year with the highest number of German arrivals in the country, a volume driven by the severe economic crisis and hyperinflation.[76] The increase in immigration to Brazil was also influenced by U.S. legislation that imposed strict quotas and monthly entry limits; once these were quickly reached, German immigration was blocked in the second half of 1923 and in 1924, forcing surplus emigrants to seek alternative destinations. As a result, the number of German entries into Brazil in that year was nearly equivalent to that of the United States.[40]
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