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Revenue Sources of the Principality

The total revenue of the Principality for the year 1907 amounted to 121,983,000 francs. The main sources of income were as follows:

Duties: 6,525,000 francs

Fines: 135,000 francs

Revenue from Communications: 15,000,000 francs

Revenue from State Properties and Funds: 7,728,000 francs

Various Other Revenues: 3,065,000 francs

This balanced financial structure reflected the government’s efficiency in collecting taxes and managing national income.

The Executive Power

The executive power in Bulgaria was placed in the hands of special ministers, each appointed by the Prince. These ministers formed the Council of Ministers, which served as the highest administrative body of the state. The Council acted under the direct supervision of the Prince, who also chose one minister to serve as the President of the Council.

One of the main responsibilities of the ministers was to ensure the correct and fair enforcement of the laws passed by the National Assembly and approved by the Crown Istanbul Daily Tours.

The Eight Ministries

In 1907, Bulgaria had eight ministries, each responsible for a specific area of government:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Religions

Ministry of the Interior

Ministry of Justice

Ministry of Public Instruction

Ministry of Finance

Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture

Ministry of Public Works, Roads, and Communications

Ministry of War

Each minister directed their own department but also worked collectively as part of the Council of Ministers on matters of national importance.

Powers of the Council of Ministers

The Constitution granted the Council of Ministers several important powers. For example:

If the Prince died and there were no heirs, the Council took over the government temporarily and called a Grand National Assembly within one month to elect a new Prince.

If the Prince died without appointing regents, the Council assumed supreme authority and summoned the Assembly to choose new regents within a month.

All official acts had to bear the signature of the Prince and at least one minister. Ministers were responsible to both the Prince and the National Assembly for their actions.

Ministerial Responsibility

According to the Constitution, ministers could be held politically, civilly, or criminally responsible.

Political responsibility was regulated by Article 153.

Civil and criminal responsibility was covered by Article 155.

Ministers could be punished if they acted disloyally toward the Prince or the country, violated the Constitution, or committed acts of treason. They were also accountable if they used their positions to harm the state or individuals for personal gain.

The Bulgarian government of 1907 was organized with a clear division of authority between the Prince, the ministers, and the Council of Ministers. This structure ensured both political stability and legal accountability, forming the foundation of a responsible and modern administration.

#Revenue Sources of the Principality

Family Size in Bulgaria

Large and Patriarchal Families

One of the most interesting aspects of Bulgarian society in the early 20th century is the size of families. The table of family sizes shows how many members usually lived together. A remarkable feature is the large number of big families, sometimes made up of many generations. These groups often lived under the same roof and worked on land that was owned jointly. Such families were known as patriarchal groups, where one elder, usually the father or grandfather, was the head of the household.

In earlier times, these large families were more common. However, the law of succession, which divided land among heirs, slowly reduced the number of such groups. Over time, rural properties became split among children and grandchildren, which made families smaller and more independent.

Statistics on Family Size

The census records show that while small families of one to four members were common, there were also many households with six, seven, or even more members. For example, more than 110,000 families had five members, and over 105,000 families had six members. Some households even reached 15 to 20 members, though these were rare. This demonstrates how deeply family life was connected with agriculture, where many hands were needed to work the fields Istanbul Tour Guides.

Nationalities in Bulgaria

Bulgarian Majority and Minorities

The census also recorded the nationalities living in the Principality. Bulgarians formed the vast majority, with more than 3.9 million people. Alongside them lived smaller groups such as Turks (29,037), Greeks (7,257), Romanians (2,095), Italians (1,137), and others. Foreign nationals such as Russians, Austro-Hungarians, Germans, French, Swiss, and British were also present, though in small numbers.

This diversity shows that Bulgaria, even in its early years as a modern state, had a mix of communities, some of them merchants, diplomats, or craftsmen who had settled there.

Birthplaces of the Population

Another way to view the population is by birthplace. Most people, nearly 3.9 million, were born in Bulgaria. Others came from nearby countries such as Turkey (87,474), Romania (13,542), Russia (7,341), and Serbia (4,438). A smaller number were born in countries like Austria-Hungary, Greece, Italy, Germany, and France. This mixture reflects migration patterns and the ties Bulgaria had with neighboring lands.

Languages Spoken

Vernacular Languages

Language statistics also reveal the multicultural character of the country. The majority of people spoke Bulgarian (over 3.2 million). However, many spoke Turkish (497,820), Greek (69,761), Jewish dialects (36,455), Armenian (13,494), and Tatar (16,270). Smaller groups spoke Russian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Czech, and other Slavic languages.

These figures highlight the linguistic richness of Bulgaria, where different traditions and cultures coexisted within one state.

At the start of the 20th century, Bulgaria had a growing population characterized by strong family ties, a clear Bulgarian majority, and many small minority communities. Large households reflected the agricultural way of life, while the presence of different nationalities and languages showed that Bulgaria was part of a wider network of peoples in the Balkans and Europe.

#Family Size in Bulgaria

Introduction

On April 12, 1877, the Imperial Government of Russia sent a circular note to the representatives of the Great Powers in St. Petersburg. In this note, Russia declared that all peaceful efforts to improve the terrible conditions of the Bulgarians under Ottoman rule had failed. Therefore, Russia announced that it was declaring war against Turkey.

This war, known as the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), had great importance for the future of Bulgaria. The conflict ended with the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano on March 3, 1878, near Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) Turkey Sightseeing.

The Treaty of San Stefano

The Treaty of San Stefano was a turning point. It reestablished, after nearly five centuries of Ottoman domination, the Bulgarian state, which had once been powerful during the Middle Ages. Although the borders of the new Bulgaria did not exactly follow those of the empire under Tsar Simeon the Great, they gave hope for national revival.

However, this treaty was soon modified by another international agreement: the Treaty of Berlin.

The Treaty of Berlin

Signed on July 13, 1878, the Treaty of Berlin redefined the borders of Bulgaria, making them smaller than those set in San Stefano. The treaty described Bulgaria’s borders in detail:

North: the right bank of the Danube River, from the Timok River to the Black Sea.

East: the Black Sea up to the Gulf of Aliman.

South: a line across the Strandja and Rhodope Mountains, the Arda River, the Rila Mountains, and the Ossogovo heights.

West: the watershed of the Morava River up to the Timok River.

The Creation of Eastern Rumelia

South of Bulgaria, a new province called Eastern Rumelia was created. It included parts of the Danube Vilayet and the Adrianople Vilayet. The capital of Eastern Rumelia was Plovdiv (Philippopolis).

Although it remained formally part of the Ottoman Empire, Eastern Rumelia was given special privileges. It had its own Christian governor and a national assembly, similar to the system used on the island of Samos.

The Union with Bulgaria

In 1885, a revolution in Plovdiv declared the union of Eastern Rumelia with the Principality of Bulgaria. This union was later confirmed by the Conference of Constantinople in 1886. It marked a major step toward the full independence and unification of the Bulgarian nation.

#Introduction

Prisoners of the Tower of Anemas

Georgius of Trebizond and Emperor Andronicus

Georgius, Duke of Trebizond

Before Michael Anemas received his pardon and release, another famous figure was imprisoned in the Tower of Anemas. This was Georgius, Duke of Trebizond, who in 1107 attempted to make his province independent from the Byzantine Empire. In some ways, his actions foreshadowed the later creation of the Empire of Trebizond in the thirteenth century.

Georgius proved to be a difficult and rebellious prisoner. He constantly cursed his imperial master and showed no signs of repentance. To win him over, his old friend Caesar Nikephoros Bryennios, husband of the historian Anna Komnene, visited him many times. At first, all efforts failed. Georgius refused every attempt at reconciliation. Yet, over time, the long years of confinement wore him down. His defiance slowly gave way to exhaustion and despair. Finally, he submitted to imperial authority. In reward for his surrender, he was released, restored to favor, and even granted wealth and honors.

The Imprisonment of Andronicus Komnenos

The next and most notorious prisoner of the tower was Emperor Andronicus I Komnenos. He was remembered in Byzantine history for his cruelty, corruption, and tyranny. In 1185, his brutal rule sparked an uprising in Constantinople. When he tried to flee, he was captured and thrown into the Tower of Anemas Private Balkan Tours.

This was not Andronicus’s first time in prison. During the reign of Emperor Manuel Komnenos, he had been arrested twice but managed to escape each time. The Tower of Anemas, however, was to be his last place of confinement. From there he emerged only to face one of the most violent deaths ever recorded in Byzantine history.

Humiliation and Torture

After his capture, Andronicus was treated like a wild animal. He was chained by the neck and feet and dragged before his successor, Emperor Isaac II Angelos. Instead of showing mercy, the new regime unleashed the fury of the people. Andronicus was beaten, spat upon, struck in the face, and mocked. His hair and beard were torn out by the roots. His teeth were knocked out, and his right hand was cut off with an axe. Then he was thrown back into his cell without food, water, or medical care.

When he was finally brought out for execution, his humiliation continued. Dressed as a slave, blind in one eye, he was forced to ride a sickly camel through the streets of Constantinople. The citizens, enraged by his years of tyranny, hurled insults and abuse as he passed. The parade ended in the Hippodrome, the great arena of the capital.

The Death of a Tyrant

At the Hippodrome, Andronicus was tied upside down by his feet between two columns decorated with figures of a wolf and a hyena—symbols of his cruelty. Despite his suffering, he endured with quiet dignity, crying out, “Kyrie Eleison—Lord, have mercy. Why do You break the bruised reed?” But his pleas fell on deaf ears. No pity was shown.

Finally, three men stepped forward and killed him with their swords, competing to display their skill. Thus ended the life of one of Byzantium’s most infamous emperors. His brutal death reflected not only the hatred of his subjects but also the dark extremes of Byzantine justice.

#Prisoners of the Tower of Anemas

Austrian Officers and Local Sentiments

In Sarajevo, Austrian officers in uniform are seen often and appear to be well-liked by many. People from all walks of life seem generally grateful to have been freed from the rule of the “unspeakable Turk,” a term that reflects the painful memories of the Ottoman Empire’s harsh rule.

However, even though Austria has brought order and improvements, older generations—fathers and mothers—still find it difficult to fully trust their new rulers. Their suspicion and fear come from centuries of past oppression, cruelty, and corruption. These emotions are deeply rooted in the culture and passed down through generations, making it hard for people to adjust to new leadership.

The Beautiful Setting of Sarajevo

Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, is located in a beautiful valley surrounded by scenic mountains. The city is divided into two parts by the Miljacka River, a fast-flowing stream filled with white-water rapids that rush over a rocky riverbed.

The river is crossed by nine or ten artistic bridges, some of which are very old and covered with lichens—small plant-like growths that show the passage of time. These bridges connect to wide, tree-lined streets that climb gently up the surrounding mountains, providing both easy access and good drainage for the city.

A City of Color and Character

From a distance, Sarajevo appears as if it were built in layers or terraces. The green lines of trees planted along the streets contrast beautifully with the red roofs of the buildings, creating a striking pattern of natural and human-made colors.

In many parts of the city, you’ll find lush private gardens, often hidden from public view. These gardens are reached through arched entrances built in the Oriental architectural style, showing the city’s cultural blend of East and West.

Clean Water and Public Beauty

Sarajevo has an excellent supply of fresh, clean water that comes from the surrounding mountains. This water is used for everyday needs and also flows into the many fountains that decorate the interior courtyards (patios) of homes and gardens, adding beauty and peace to the city’s living spaces Sofia Daily Tours.

A City on the Rise

Although parts of the residential areas are still developing and not completely filled in, Sarajevo is quickly modernizing. In terms of architecture, planning, and overall appearance, the city compares well with other towns of similar size in Europe or America.

Thanks to its natural beauty and the fact that its citizens are gaining wealth, Sarajevo is on its way to becoming a truly beautiful and prosperous city in the near future.

#Austrian Officers and Local Sentiments

Yachts for Safety not Just Comfort

Although the steam yachts near the foreign embassies in Constantinople may look like luxury transport, they actually have a much more serious purpose. These yachts are emergency escape boats for diplomats in case of danger. This important reason is not often talked about, but it is known among those who live in the area.

The situation in Turkey at the time was similar to what happened in China during the Boxer Rebellion, when foreign diplomats in Peking (Beijing) were attacked by local mobs. In Turkey, there was a constant threat of violence from fanatical religious groups, especially mobs of angry Muslims who believed it was their duty to kill non-Muslims (Christians and others) Guided Tour Ephesus.

Constant Risk for Foreign Diplomats

If such a mob took control of Constantinople, it would not matter whether someone was English, Austrian, or Armenian—anyone who was not Muslim could be attacked. These mobs would not distinguish between foreigners and local minorities. Sadly, the Turkish police and officials were usually unable to control such outbreaks of violence. Because of this danger, embassies needed to be prepared at all times to evacuate quickly.

This is why a long line of steam yachts was always docked near the foreign district of the city. These boats were ready to take diplomats and their families away to safety if needed.

Gunboats as Extra Protection

In addition to the yachts, some countries—Germany, Russia, England, France, Austria, and Italy—also kept small warships or guard boats (gunboats) in the Bosphorus. These boats were there to protect citizens and diplomats in case of violence. The Turkish government did not normally allow large warships to pass through the Dardanelles, a narrow waterway, but these small boats were allowed by special agreements or treaties. Even the Turkish police admitted that the presence of these boats was necessary.

Foreign Nations Do Not Trust Turkish Mail

Another sign of low trust in the Turkish government was the fact that many European countries had their own post offices in Turkey. Nations like Britain, Germany, France, Austria, and Russia ran separate mail systems for their citizens living in Turkey.

This special arrangement was made with the permission of the Sultan and was part of international treaties. These foreign post offices were open to the public and could be used by anyone. Mail was sealed in bags and sent by railroad to the nearest city in the home country. For example:

British mail went to London, French mail went to Marseilles, Austrian mail went to Budapest, Russian mail went to Odessa

The mail bags were opened only upon arrival, and then the letters were handed over to the regular postal system of each country.

At these foreign post offices, regular stamps were sold, but they were marked with Turkish currency values. All of the foreign post offices followed this system.

#Yachts for Safety not Just Comfort

Research at the Pergamon Amphitheater

Research at the Pergamon Amphitheater (2018–2021)

Understanding Ancient Construction and Its Environmental Impact

Between 2018 and 2021, researchers carried out archaeological and historical building studies at the Amphitheater of Pergamon. One of the most important results was the discovery of different construction phases of the amphitheater. By carefully studying the building remains, experts could understand how the structure changed over time Sofia City Tour.

This research also helps us learn how the landscape was transformed during and after the construction process. By studying the location and the methods used to extract stone and other resources, researchers can better understand how construction affected the environment.

Interestingly, since the amphitheater was only used as a performance venue and did not go through many later changes, it gives us a rare chance to estimate the total amount of building material used. This makes it a very valuable case study in ancient building economy and engineering.

Rebuilding the Dionysos Temple

Construction Techniques and Social Context By Annika Zeitler

The ancient Dionysos Temple in Pergamon, from the Hellenistic period, shows clear signs of early reuse. It appears that the temple was taken apart and rebuilt in nearly the same way, but possibly with shortened or modified parts.

This process brings up important social and economic questions. What kind of workforce was needed to do this? What were the skills of the craftsmen involved? What kind of planning was required on the building site?

By studying the reused stones and construction techniques, we can gain insight into the organization of ancient construction projects, how resources were managed, and how society worked together to complete complex architectural tasks. It also helps us understand how the ecological system was taken into account during large building efforts.

The “Octagon” of Pergamon

A Monumental Project Outside the City Walls By Seçil Tezer Altay

On the lower slopes of the Pergamon hill, a new monumental building—called the “Octagon”—was planned. It was located outside the old city walls, facing what was then considered the modern part of Pergamon, which was growing toward the Kaikos River plain.

At this time, the ancient hilltop city had already been crowned with a large marble temple, while the new parts of the city were being filled with impressive public buildings. Nearby, on another hilltop, a rich residential area was also developing, with a perfect view of both the ancient city and the green valley below.

This setting helps us understand the urban planning of Pergamon, and how different parts of the city—old and new—were visually and functionally connected. The Octagon represents not only an architectural effort but also a symbol of change, showing how Pergamon grew into a modern city during ancient times.

#Research at the Pergamon Amphitheater

Bansko Bulgaria’s Top Winter Resort

While Sofia’s Mount Vitosha offers fun and affordable skiing for a day trip, it doesn’t match the variety and excitement found in Bansko, Bulgaria’s leading winter resort. Located about 150 km southeast of Sofia, Bansko is easy to reach and well worth the trip.

If you’re planning a visit, make sure to check out the brand new “Bansko In Your Pocket” guide. It has all the essential info you’ll need for your trip. You can also visit www.inyourpocket.com and click on “Bansko” to learn more.

Sofia in Winter A City Break That’s Gaining Popularity

When people think of a winter vacation, they usually imagine visiting galleries, browsing museums, and doing some seasonal shopping. Sofia might not be the first city that comes to mind, but that’s starting to change Coastal Bulgaria Holidays.

The Bulgarian capital is quickly becoming a great off-season destination. Each month, more attractions in the city are gaining “must-see” status, making Sofia an exciting option for winter travelers.

Revamped Museums Worth Visiting

Sofia’s National Archaeological Museum has transformed from a dull place full of old artifacts into one of Europe’s best historical collections. Visitors can now enjoy beautifully arranged rooms filled with stunning treasures from Bulgaria’s long past.

Even better, the Military History Museum had a major upgrade in 2007. It is now a modern, tourist-friendly museum that takes visitors on a journey through over 150 years of Bulgarian military history. It’s a top spot for history lovers.

Shopping in Sofia Unique and Unexpected

Sofia is experiencing a retail transformation. While it’s not packed with high-end international fashion chains, it offers something different: quirky, unusual, and sometimes bizarre Bulgarian-made products.

If you’re interested in local crafts and one-of-a-kind items you won’t find anywhere else, our Shopping Guide on page 56 is a great place to start. It’s not about fashion trends—it’s about discovering something unique.

Ice Skating A Seasonal Highlight

Winter fun in Sofia doesn’t stop indoors. A popular outdoor activity during the cold months is ice skating. Temporary ice rinks appear around the city, adding a festive spirit to the downtown area.

One of the most visited rinks is right in front of the National Theatre, offering a magical atmosphere surrounded by beautiful buildings. Another favorite is the new rink at Lake Ariana, located in the northeast corner of Borisova Gradina Park. Both are perfect for enjoying the winter charm of Sofia.

City or Slopes – Bulgaria Has It All

Whether you’re drawn to the snowy slopes of Bansko or the cultural charm of Sofia, Bulgaria offers great value and variety for winter travelers. From skiing and skating to museums and shopping, there’s something for everyone this season.

#Bansko Bulgaria’s Top Winter Resort

Bulgarians Are the Majority in Macedonia

Most people living in Macedonia are Bulgarians. Even though Greek efforts to spread their influence are loud and active, they are not widely accepted in the region. These Greek actions are seen as unnatural and not truly connected to the local population.

Greeks Refuse a Fair Vote

One strong piece of evidence showing Greece’s weak position in Macedonia is their strong opposition to holding a fair vote. Bulgarians have repeatedly suggested a plebiscite—a public vote—to let the people of Macedonia choose which nation they feel connected to. This vote would be managed by international authorities to ensure fairness.

If the Greeks really believed that most people in Macedonia were Greek, they would accept the vote. But their refusal suggests they know the majority are not on their side Guided Tours Turkey.

Italian Claims Are Unfounded

Italy has also claimed a part of Macedonia, but these claims are not taken seriously. There is no historical or ethnic reason for Italy to be involved—no area of Macedonia is home to Italian-speaking people or anyone with Italian roots.

Italy only tries to justify its presence by saying it wants to protect the Albanians, even though Albanians don’t speak Italian or have any close ties to Italy.

Serbia’s Claims Are Limited

Serbia’s claims are a bit more believable than Italy’s but still limited. Serbian influence is mostly in the vilayet (region) of Kossovo, also known as “Old Serbia.” Even the most extreme Serbian nationalists do not claim land beyond that region.

So, while Serbia does have some connection to part of Macedonia, it does not extend over the entire area.

#Bulgarians Are the Majority in Macedonia

Village Council Labels Farmers as Enemies of the People

On 27 November 1950, the Village Council of Yablanitsa, a town in the Teteven district of Bulgaria, issued Ordinance No. 102. Based on a decision by the local branch of the Bulgarian Communist Party, the council publicly declared several villagers to be “kulaks” and “enemies of the people.”

The list included:

Dimiter Mikov Markov and his sons Dako Nejkov Jakimov Dako Vutkov and his sons

These individuals were now officially cut off from public life in the village. According to the ordinance:

They were banned from using village services. They were not allowed to enter restaurants or pubs. They could not buy anything from village shops—except salt. Any disobedience would be punished severely. The order was signed by the Village Council Chairman, Ivan Tsanov Ivanov, and posted publicly to ensure everyone in the village knew about it. Copies were also given to shop and restaurant staff to enforce the bans Istanbul Tours Guide.

From Landowners to Laborers

This was not an isolated case. Across Bulgaria, thousands of similar orders were issued. The goal was to target wealthier peasants—those who owned more land or livestock—because they were seen as a threat to the new communist system. These so-called “kulaks” were stripped of their rights, homes, and property.

For centuries, Bulgarian peasants had owned their own land and animals, supporting their families through farming. But under communist rule, they lost almost everything. Their land was taken by the state, and they were forced to work on large, state-run collective farms known as kolkhozes, modeled after the Soviet system.

Bulgaria’s Farming Tradition Disrupted

Before communism took full control in 1944, Bulgaria already had experience with co-operative farming. In fact, by 1935, the country had over 1,200 co-operative farms—voluntary groups where farmers worked together but still owned their land.

However, after 9 September 1944, when the communist regime took power, these co-ops were dismantled. Instead, the government forced people into collective farms, where they had no ownership and no say in how the farms were run. These farms were managed by local Communist Party activists, not experienced farmers.

The Damage to Rural Bulgaria

By the late 1950s, private farming in Bulgaria was completely eliminated. Almost all agricultural land was now part of the collective system. Bulgaria, once a country of small farmers with strong traditions, had been transformed.

This shift caused major social and economic problems:

Families lost their land, homes, and independence.

Many young people left the countryside, causing a decline in rural populations.

The quality of farming decreased, as motivation and care declined without private ownership.

Traditional village life was destroyed, replaced by strict control and fear.

The collectivization of agriculture in Bulgaria was not just a change in farming—it was a complete transformation of rural life. The case of the Yablanitsa villagers shows how harsh and personal this process could be. People who had once been respected landowners were suddenly branded enemies, punished, and erased from community life. The long-term effects of this policy still echo in Bulgarian society today.

#Village Council Labels Farmers as Enemies of the People

Education and Membership of the BAUW

Most members of the BAUW received their education in Bulgaria at institutions like Sofia University, the Arts Academy, or the Music Academy. One third of the members held doctoral degrees, and most were proficient in foreign languages, maintaining strong connections with women activists and intellectuals abroad. About 60% of the members were married, while the rest were either single, widowed, or divorced.

The association aimed to create better opportunities for professional women in Bulgaria. Its members participated in international events, such as the International Federation of Women with University Education. For example, in July 1926, Zhivka Dragneva attended the Fourth Congress of the Federation in Amsterdam as a delegate. In 1926, members of the Australian Association of Women with University Education visited Bulgaria, and in 1928, Prof. Gledich, the chairwoman of the International Federation of University Women, visited Bulgaria and met with professors at Sofia University and Ministry of Education officials Holidays Bulgaria.

Formation of the Lawyers’ Section

The first section of the BAUW, the Lawyers’ Section, was created in 1928. It became the largest group within the association, with about 150 members during the 1940s. The section focused on the challenges women faced in pursuing a career in law. Women were allowed to study law at Sofia University starting in the academic year 1902/1903, with 507 women graduating by 1946. However, despite this, women lawyers were not permitted to serve as defense lawyers or judges before the communist regime came to power in 1945. This restriction was not because of constitutional law or court rulings, but because of patriarchal traditions and male-dominated interests.

The Lawyers’ Section was led by respected jurists who were recognized internationally. Key figures included Maria Girginova, who was elected in 1930 to the Council of the International Federation of Women Magistrates, and Velisslava Radulova, who specialized in commercial law.

#Education and Membership of the BAUW

Preparing for Prayer

The Turkish soldier was getting ready for prayer. He took off his boots and stood clean and barefoot. He faced Mecca, placed his hands together, and began to pray. He knelt, prayed again, and then lowered his forehead to the ground, praying a third time. When he finished, he folded his small prayer rug and tucked it into his jacket. It was a peaceful and impressive sight, seeing this soldier take a quiet moment during the midday break to perform the devotions of a true Muslim.

Getting Ready to Continue the Journey

A command was given, and the soldiers quickly got up, slinging their rifles over their shoulders and hopping back onto their horses. We moved on, leaving the shaded trees behind. As we rode, we could see the sunlit landscape ahead. The hills were pleasant, and soon we were riding among them at a steady pace Customized Daily Istanbul Tours.

Challenging Terrain Ahead

However, that pace couldn’t last long. The path soon became steep and rocky, making it impossible for the horses to continue. We dismounted and began walking. The hillside was full of loose rocks and many streams. It felt like walking through a muddy coal mine. We hopped from one rock to another, pausing occasionally to wait for the slower horses to catch up.

Approaching Ochrida

Soon, Ochrida came into view. It was a small town perched on a rock by the large Ochrida Lake. Behind it was a beautiful flat valley, perfectly cultivated—everything seemed to be growing in abundance, like a carpet of fertility.

Arriving in the City

We decided to push ahead of the other travelers from Monastir, as they had their own guard and we weren’t sure when they would catch up. So, we rode on towards the city, organizing ourselves in a respectful manner. Two soldiers with rifles rode ahead, followed by the captain, my guide, and me, with the rest of the soldiers riding in pairs behind us. As we galloped into town, the people came out to watch. Mothers, fearing for their children, rushed in panic, worried that the horses might hurt their little ones. But fortunately, no children were harmed.

#Preparing for Prayer

The Formality of the Official Visits

The serious and formal meetings between the Governor and me felt very uncomfortable. I wanted to break the rules and say, “I’m so happy to see you! Let’s take a walk!”

The Governor’s Efforts to Impress

The Governor made an effort to impress me. He wanted to make sure I understood something important. He assumed that, like most foreigners, I thought the Turkish people were lazy, always putting off work until tomorrow. He wanted to prove me wrong, but he tried too hard. It was as if Kirk Kilise was the center of the Ottoman Empire, and the Governor was the most important official.

Busy and Serious Work

At first, I thought the Governor was just very busy. When we were talking in his office, a secretary came in with a telegram. The Governor looked angry, wrote something quickly, and the secretary left. Then, he had another idea. A soldier came in and took a telegram form. The Governor wrote a message, and we could talk again. But soon, more documents arrived. He quickly scanned through them, made notes, and signed them. Feeling I was in the way, I said my goodbyes Dragalevtsi Monastery.

A Surprise Visit

I had just returned to my hotel and my dragoman was complaining about the dirty room when the Governor came to visit me. There was coffee, cigarettes, and many soldiers standing at the door and in the hall. The Governor’s secretary brought in two telegrams. The Governor smiled, frowned, and quickly wrote something. We spoke for a little while, and then he had another idea. He wrote something fast, called a soldier, and sent him off. More documents arrived for him to sign. He was very busy.

Learning Turkish

“You are learning Turkish?” he asked me. “Oh, I already know ‘Yavash,’” I replied with a smile. He smiled too, but then frowned. “Yavash” means “go slowly” and is a common phrase in Turkey. Foreigners sometimes use it to criticize Turkish people for being slow. But the Governor wanted to show me that he didn’t fit that description. In fact, he received three telegrams and wrote six.

#The Formality of the Official Visits

Sofia A City with a Western Charm

Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, has a unique character that feels like a western American city. Just 25 years ago, it was a poor and rundown Turkish town, full of dirt and disorder. However, things have changed a lot since then. The old, dilapidated houses and narrow, dirty streets have disappeared, almost as if a fire had swept through them. Now, Sofia boasts wide streets, large squares, and beautiful public buildings. The boulevards are lined with trees, and the cafes have outdoor seating where people enjoy their time, spilling onto the sidewalks.

A Modern Transformation

Sofia has been transformed into a city that resembles a smaller version of Brussels. It has grown rapidly, and many people believe that, one day, it may even rival other European cities like Budapest. Twenty-five years ago, Sofia had only about 11,000 residents. Today, its population has grown to over 70,000, a clear sign of the city’s growth and modernization Adventure Bulgaria Tour.

However, Sofia is still in the process of change. The old town, which was left behind by the Turks, is almost gone, but the new town is not fully complete yet. Although the city has improved, it still faces some challenges. The streets are not paved, which makes them bumpy and dusty during the summer. In winter, the streets get dirty and muddy. The houses are built with low-quality bricks, but they are covered with stucco and paint, giving them the appearance of stone buildings. The houses might not be very solid, but they look neat and pleasant, especially with the acacia trees that grow quickly, making the city feel more peaceful and inviting.

Sofia’s Growing Development

In many ways, Sofia is still a work in progress. The city is developing in a way that is similar to the American style of building. Large, impressive houses stand alone, with empty land in front of them. Before reaching these houses, you often pass patches of land filled with old items, like broken pots and discarded furniture. Then, you might see a house under construction, with building materials scattered on the street. After that, you find a completed house, looking attractive and ready for living. This mix of construction, empty spaces, and finished buildings shows how Sofia is growing and evolving.

Sofia is a city full of contrast and change. From its humble beginnings as a rundown town, it has blossomed into a city with wide streets, lovely parks, and impressive architecture. While it is still not fully developed, Sofia is quickly growing into a modern European city, and its transformation is a testament to its resilience and potential.

#Sofia A City with a Western Charm

The Bulgarian Political Emigration and Armed Resistance

The Bulgarian political emigration played a significant role in the armed resistance against the communist regime in Bulgaria. Official records from the State Security show that in 1955, 52 armed groups from abroad entered Bulgaria to join the Goriyani movement. These groups were organized and sent to Bulgaria by the Bulgarian National Committee, which later became known as the Bulgarian Liberation Movement.

Supporting the Resistance Movement

In the early years after the communist regime took power, many Bulgarians illegally crossed the border to join organizations formed by political emigrants. These groups aimed to support the resistance against the oppressive regime. Here are some of the key emigrant organizations that operated in exile:

Bulgarian National Committee “Free and Independent Bulgaria” Bulgarian Liberation Movement “Free Bulgarians” Union Bulgarian Human Rights League Free Bulgarian Centre Bulgarian Hearth Provisional Bulgarian Mission Union of the Bulgarian Anarchists Abroad Bulgarian Organization “Tsar Simeon” Bulgarian National Front “Freedom” Bulgarian National Front “Struggle” The Bulgarian Social Democratic Party in exile Union of the Bulgarian Ex-Military in exile Students’ Organization “Stefan Stambolov” The Bulgarian Orthodox Church in exile And others.

These organizations aimed to unite Bulgarians living abroad and provide support for those resisting the communist government in Bulgaria Bulgaria Private Tours Kazanlak.

Formation of the Bulgarian NATO Company

In 1951, the first Bulgarian company within NATO was established near Zeilsheim, a small town near Frankfurt, Germany. This company was made up entirely of Bulgarian political emigrants. Over its 14 years of existence, around 2,500 Bulgarians joined this unit. The soldiers and officers in this company were individuals who had escaped from Bulgaria and were committed to defending the free world against the threat of communism, particularly from the Warsaw Pact countries. They hoped to contribute to the eventual liberation of Bulgaria from communist rule.

Dissolution of the Bulgarian Company

During the period known as détente, representatives from the Eastern bloc brought up the issue of emigrant companies in NATO during East-West talks. They insisted that these companies be dissolved. As a result, the Bulgarian National Company within NATO was officially dissolved on June 3, 1964.

The dissolution marked a significant moment for Bulgarian political emigration, as it reflected the pressures faced by these groups in the changing political landscape of the time. Despite this, the legacy of their efforts in resisting communism and their hope for a free Bulgaria continued to inspire future generations.

In conclusion, the Bulgarian political emigration played a crucial role in the resistance against communism, organizing various groups to support fighters in Bulgaria and forming military units abroad. Their contributions were part of a broader struggle for freedom and democracy in Bulgaria, a struggle that continues to resonate today.

#The Bulgarian Political Emigration and Armed Resistance

The Bulgarian Political Emigration and Armed Resistance

Supporting the Resistance Movement

These organizations aimed to unite Bulgarians living abroad and provide support for those resisting the communist government in Bulgaria Bulgaria Private Tours Kazanlak.

Formation of the Bulgarian NATO Company

Dissolution of the Bulgarian Company

#The Bulgarian Political Emigration and Armed Resistance

Acknowledging European Solidarity and Support

We deeply appreciate the support provided by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and the Federal Foundation for Research on the Nature of the SED Dictatorship for this important project. Additionally, the active participation of the Berlin Library in Commemoration of the Victims of Communism stands as a significant symbol of European solidarity. Together, these contributions highlight our shared commitment to remembering the past and learning from it.

The Fall of the Berlin Wall: A Symbol of Hope

The fall of the Berlin Wall was more than just the collapse of a physical barrier; it symbolized the downfall of communist regimes across Europe. This monumental event inspired millions of people in Eastern and Central Europe, fueling their desire for a fresh start and a brighter future. The Federal Republic of Germany serves as an exemplary model from which we can learn valuable lessons. It has shown us how to work steadily and unwaveringly towards the unity and stability of a democratic society. By revealing the truth about the past and exposing the true nature of totalitarian regimes, Germany demonstrates that a strong and united future can be built on the foundation of honesty and transparency Guided Tour Istanbul.

Spreading the Message of the Exhibition

I sincerely hope that the powerful message of this exhibition reaches a wide audience across many towns and regions, touching both young and old. I am eager to contribute to this cause and help promote the establishment of a museum in the near future, dedicated to the memory of the victims of the communist regime in our country. Such a museum will serve as a crucial educational resource, helping the youth of Bulgaria, both present and future, to understand the realities of the totalitarian state, its institutions, and its State Security apparatus. It is vital that they learn how these entities functioned and the impact of their decisions on the lives of ordinary people.

Supporting the Cause and Addressing the Youth

I stand with you today to offer my full support for this worthy cause. It is our duty and responsibility to reach out to the young people of Bulgaria, ensuring that they can face the future without any distortion or concealment of the truth about our past. A nation can only have a meaningful future if it respects and understands its history. We must encourage the youth of Bulgaria to avoid being swayed by what is shallow, superficial, or merely convenient. Instead, they should strive to comprehend and address the challenges of today, using the lessons of the past to build a better future.

Building a Future on Truth and Knowledge

In conclusion, this initiative is not just about remembering the past; it is about empowering the future. By understanding the hardships and injustices of the totalitarian regime, the young people of Bulgaria can create a society that values truth, justice, and freedom. Let us work together to ensure that the lessons of history are never forgotten, and that they guide us in building a stronger, more united Bulgaria for generations to come.

#Acknowledging European Solidarity and Support

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