left brain -> language & logic
right brain -> creative & spatial
corpus callosum -> divides the brain into hemispheres
cerebral cortex -> covers the brain
sympathetic NS -> fight/flight
parasympathetic NS -> calms AFTER fight/flight
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neurotransmitters -> in NS
hormones -> in endocrine system
lateral hypothalamus -> stimulates hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus -> suppresses hunger
broca's area -> makes words
wernicke's area -> comprehends words
afferent neurons -> sensory
efferent neurons -> motor
assimilation -> fitting new information into existing mental frameworks (schemas)
accommodation -> changing schemas to incorporate information that does not fit.
concrete operations -> logical thinking
formal operations -> philosophical thinking
sensation -> bottom-up processing
perception -> top-down processing
classical conditioning -> pairs two stimuli to elicit an involuntary, reflexive response
operant conditioning -> strengthens/weakens voluntary behaviors through consequences
primacy effect -> first items remembered
recency effect -> last items remembered
proactive interference -> old memories hinder the ability to learn/recall new information
retroactive interference -> new information hinders the recall of older memories
implicit memory -> non-declarative
explicit memory -> declarative/factual
recall memory -> active retrieval of info from memory w/o cues
recognition memory -> recalling info using external cues (like multiple choice questions)
algorithms -> step-by-step procedures that guarantee accuracy
heuristics -> mental shortcuts or 'rules of thumb' that provide quick solutions, but do not guarantee accuracy
phonemes -> the smallest units (singular letter) of sound in language that distinguish meaning
morphemes -> smallest units of meaning or grammatical function ("un-," "break," "-able.")
fluid intelligence -> ability to reason, think abstractly, and solve problems quickly w/o prior knowledge
crystallized intelligence -> refers to knowledge acquired over a lifetime, which tends to increase with age
validity -> the accuracy of a measure
reliability -> the consistency or stability of a measure
⤷ a measure can be reliable without being valid (e.g., a broken scale consistently showing the wrong weight)
achievement test -> assesses current knowledge and skills already acquired
aptitude test -> measures potential and predicts future performance or ability to learn
theory y -> highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach takes w/o direct supervision.
theory x -> explains the importance of heightened supervision, external rewards, and penalties
internal locus -> contains the belief that actions, effort, and decisions determine success/failure
external locus -> contains the belief that external factors like luck, fate, or other people control life
lithium -> treats bipolar disorder
librium -> treats anxiety
social-learning theory: we learn social behavior by observing/imitating + rewards/punishment
gender-schema theory: children learn from their cultures what it means to be male or female, then alter their behavior accordingly
signal detection theory: predicts how/when we detect faint stimuli amongst background noise
trichromatic theory: retina contains color receptors for red, green, and blue.
⤷ when all are stimulated at different levels, there are infinite combinations of colors
opponent process theory: opposing retinal processes enable color vision
⤷ red-green, yellow-blue, white-black
frequency theory: rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve = frequency of tone
⤷ enables us to sense pitch
place theory: links pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
gate-control theory: spinal cord contains a 'gate' that blocks/allows pain signals to pass to the brain
drive-reduction theory: psychological need creates aroused tension, and that tension motivates an organism to fulfill that need
james-lange theory: emotion-arousing stimuli -> physiological response -> awareness of said response -> experience of emotion
cannon-bard theory: emotion-arousing stimuli -> (physiological response + subjective experience of emotion)
two-factor theory: physical arousal + cognitive label of arousal = experience of emotion
attribution theory: we give casual explanation for someone's behavior, often by creating the situation or the person's disposition
cognitive-dissonance theory: we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
scapegoat theory: prejudice offers and outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
social exchange theory: social behavior is an exchange process in which we aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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