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[classical-aesthetics-blog]

CLASSICAL LIT MEME: (3/10) plays or books

Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus

CRATUS We’ve come to the ends of the earth, to Scythia, barren and deserted. Now, Hephaestus, carry out the orders of your father Zeus: shackle our criminal here to this towering cliff, in unbreakable chains made of adamant. 

Prometheus bound (Ancient Greek: Προμηθεὺς Δεσμώτης, Promētheus Desmōtēs) is a tragedy, considered to be one of the seven remaining plays written by Aeschylus (although some scholars consider that it could have been written by someone else). It narrates the story of how Prometheus was chained to a mountain in the Caucasus as a punishment for stealing the fire from Zeus to give it to mankind.

The characters are Cratus (Power), Bia (Force), Hephaestus, Prometheus, Oceanus, Io and Hermes. The choir is composed by Oceanids, daughters of Oceanus. After being chained to the mountain by Cratus, Bia and Hephaestus, Prometheus is visited by the choir of Oceanids, which attempt to comfort him and he foresees his first prophecy: a potential marriage that could lead to Zeus’s end (the audience already knows that he is talking about Thetis, mother of Achilles). Oceanus, the ancient Titan, tries to convince him to make peace with the king of the gods, but Prometheus instead starts to list all the things he taught to humans (Catalogue of Arts). Prometheus is then visited by Io, one of Zeus’s unfortunate lovers: she’s been turned into a cow and chased by Zeus’s jealous wife, Hera. Prometheus prophetizes that she will bear Zeus’s sone Ephapus in Egypt and that one of his descendants will finally free him (referring to Heracles). At last appears Hermes, the gods’ messanger, which says that Zeus wants tp know what is the dangerous marriage the treathens him. After Prometheus’s refusal, he is casted into the abyss by a thunderbolt sent by Zeus. In this play Prometheus is very different from the one described by Hesiod: from a trickster he becomes a benefactor, a martyr. The play was meant to be the first of a trilogy composed by other two plays, Prometheus Unbound and Prometheus the Fire-Bringer, whom have survived just a few fragments. The variety of characters is the most incredible trait of this play: we have two personifications (Cratos and Bia), two titans (Prometheus and Oceanus), two gods (Hephaestus and Hermes) and one single mortal. This allowed Aeschylus to mix and intertwine many different myths. Other than focusing on Prometheus’s myth (there is no mention to Pandora or Epimetheus), he focuses on the future generation of heroes (Heracles and Achilles).  Also the presence of Oceanus and Oceanids recalls a mix of natural elements: typically, mountains mean air, height (the eagle that eats Prometheus’s liver belongs to this idea) while the presence of Oceanus and his daughters makes us think more about water.