Note: You cannot be diagnosed with this disorder, as it's not in any diagnostic manual; you would be diagnosed with Other Specified Personality Disorder instead.
Criteria from the DSM-IV-TR (2000):
A pervasive pattern of negativistic attitudes and passive resistance to demands for adequate performance, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
passively resists fulfilling routine social and occupational tasks
complains of being misunderstood and unappreciated by others
is sullen and argumentative
unreasonably criticizes and scorns authority
expresses envy and resentment toward those apparently more fortunate
voices exaggerated and persistent complaints of personal misfortune
alternates between hostile defiance and contrition
Millon's subtypes:
(Millon, ed.).
About PA/NegPD
PA/NegPD is similar to histrionic, dependent, avoidant, depressive, borderline, antisocial, paranoid, masochistic, obsessive-compulsive and narcissistic PDs. It's part of what Millon & Bloom term the "Aggressive Personality Patterns", along with AsPD, NPD, & Sadistic PD.
Renamed Negativistic PD in the DSM-IV; Millon suggested renaming it “oppositional personality disorder” (Lane).
Differential diagnoses include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, somatic disorders, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Many children who are diagnosed with ODD will develop PA/NegPD (Millon).
The most common PD comorbidities with PA/NegPD are AvPD (22.78%), AsPD (22.64%), & Sadistic PD (15.36%). The least common was OCPD (0.94%). Less than 1 percent (0.81%) had only ("pure") PA/NEGPD [less than those who had comorbid OCPD] (Millon & Bloom).
Millon defines it on a spectrum from sceptical -> negativistic (Millon Personality Group); or alternatively from discontented [personality type] -> resentful [style] -> negativistic [disorder] (Millon).
In the first DSM, it “... consisted of three subtypes - passive-dependent type who are helpless, overly dependent, and indecisive; passive-aggressive type who express their aggressiveness through passive means like pouting, procrastination, and intentional inefficiency; and the aggressive subtype who react to frustration with irritability, temper tantrums, and overt destructive behaviours” (Coolidge & Segal).
In the DSM-II it was described as being “characterized by passivity and aggression through obstinate behavior, procrastination, stubbornness, and intentional inefficiency” (Coolidge & Segal).
The DSM focuses on its overt/external behaviours and therefore miss its "cardinal qualities"; "underlying the behavior characterizing this personality pattern are profound confusion and ambivalence about self", similar to OCPD but with different coping strategies (Millon & Bloom)
It was a Cluster C PD, but in the DSM-IV & IV-TR it was moved to the Conditions for Further Study section “[d]ue to poor reliability and questionable validity and usefulness” (Coolidge & Segal). It wasn't included in any capacity in later editions.
PA/NegPD has a long history of ‘questionable validity’, as it originated in US military documents about reluctant soldiers during WWII, and continued throughout its history in the various DSMs to have criteria that could theoretically apply to anyone (e.g. dissatisfaction with their job or “personal misfortunes”, feeling misunderstood or unappreciated, complaining too much, etc.) (Lane).
However, Millon says “[s]uch thoughts are normal, but they represent what negativists feel most of the time. To them, every request or expectation feels like a willful imposition. Meeting requests or honoring expectations feels like submission, and meeting demands feels like humiliation” (Millon, ed.).
References
Coolidge, Frederick L., & Segal, Daniel L., ‘Evolution of Personality Disorder Diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders’, Clinical Psychology Review, 1998, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 585-599.
Lane, Christopher, ‘The Surprising History of Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder’, Theory & Psychology, 2009, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 55-70.
Millon, Theodore, & Bloom, Caryl, The Millon Inventories, 2008.
Millon, Theodore, Disorders of Personality, 2011.
Millon, Theodore, ed., Personality Disorders in Modern Life, 2004.
Note: You cannot be diagnosed with this disorder, as it's not in any diagnostic manual; you would be diagnosed with Other Specified Personality Disorder instead.
Criteria from the DSM-IV-TR (2000):
A pervasive pattern of depressive cognitions and behaviors beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
usual mood is dominated by dejection, gloominess, cheerlessness, joylessness, unhappiness
self-concept centers around beliefs of inadequacy, worthlessness, and low self-esteem
is critical, blaming, and derogatory toward self
is brooding and given to worry
is negativistic, critical, and judgmental toward others
is pessimistic
is prone to feeling guilty or remorseful
Millon's subtypes:
(Millon, ed.).
About De/MePD
De/MePD is similar to avoidant, schizoid, masochistic / self-defeating, negativistic / passive-aggressive and borderline PDs. It's part of what Millon & Bloom term the "Reserved Personality Patterns", along with AvPD & SzPD.
Differential diagnoses include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and somatic disorders.
The most common PD comorbidities with De/MePD are AvPD (19.53%), AsPD (14.06%), & Negativistic / Passive-Aggressive PD (13.02%). The least common was HPD (1.82%). Less than 6 percent (5.34%) had only ("pure") De/MePD [much higher than people with pure Ne/PAPD or SaPD] (Millon & Bloom).
Millon defines it on a spectrum from pessimistic -> depressive (melancholic) (Millon Personality Group); or alternatively from dejected [personality type] -> forlorn [style] -> depressive [disorder] (Millon).
"The depressive and masochistic are so similar that some authors view them as a single constellation" (Millon, ed.).
In the DSM-IV-TR it was described as being “characterized by a pervasive pattern of depressive cognitions and behaviors, low self-esteem, brooding, and pessimism." (Coolidge & Segal).
"Always in a dejected and gloomy mood, they see themselves as inadequate and worthless. They submerge themselves in criticism for even minor shortcomings and tend to blame themselves when things go wrong. A pervasive pessimism leads them to anticipate the worst - to expect that life will always go wrong and never improve. Their days are spent brooding and worrying, ignoring the good and dwelling on the bad. Saturated with guilt, they wish that life could be different, but instead of taking the initiative, they berate themselves for missed opportunities and feel powerless to change their destiny. Such individuals may indeed be depressed, but their depression emerges from a way of thinking, feeling, and perceiving - a depressive personality" (Millon, ed.).
De/MePD only ever appeared in the appendix of the DSM-IV & IV-TR, and it was dropped because it was "controversial whether the distinction between depressive personality disorder and Dysthymic [Persistent] Disorder [was] useful" (DSM-IV-TR).
However, "many dysthymics did not meet criteria for depressive personality. [...] In fact, the proportion of those with depressive personality disorder who had never met criteria for dysthymia was high", indicating that De/MePD is likely a separate disorder from persistent & major depressive disorders (Millon, ed.).
References
Coolidge, Frederick L., & Segal, Daniel L., ‘Evolution of Personality Disorder Diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders’, Clinical Psychology Review, 1998, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 585-599.
Millon, Theodore, & Bloom, Caryl, The Millon Inventories, 2008.
Millon, Theodore, Disorders of Personality, 2011.
Millon, Theodore, ed., Personality Disorders in Modern Life, 2004.
Heyya! Just a reminder that when talking about personality disorders to pay attention to what diagnostic criteria you are basing your understanding of the disorder on~! Don’t take the DSM-IV’s criteria because that was there before psychologists realized that giving a diagnosis based on what you find annoying / problematic is not a way to keep alliance, best intent and healing with people. They made drastic change to the diagnostic criteria and wording in the DSM-V.
Diagnosis is there for the point of healing, not name calling. They changed the aggressive “they do it for their own interest” and “magical thinking” and “absorbed and grandiose sense of self importance” and other mocking terms in the DSM-V for a reason
There was a large discussion in the clinical community at the time as well as to the nature of diagnosing personality disorders and how they should be handled and changes were made so please don’t base your stigma on stuff that had actually been erased.
For example, nowhere in the DSM-V do people with NPD that says they are interpersonally exploitive, haughty, and refusing of empathy and compassion. Don’t use those “diagnostic criteria” when trying to support your idea of narcissistic abuse :)
When discussing the disorders please don’t use outdated and problematic diagnostic criteria. Thank you :)
[link to the changes in personality disorders from DSM-IV to DSM-V]
¿Por qué tenemos fobias? La ciencia detrás de nuestros miedos irracionales
Las fobias, aunque no se consideran un trastorno psiquiátrico grave, son un trastorno psicológico que puede tener un gran impacto en la vida diaria de quienes las sufren. Según el manual de diagnóstico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-IV), se definen como “un temor acusado y persistente que es excesivo o irracional, desencadenado por la presencia o anticipación de un objeto o situación…
Amok can be defined as “a culture-bound syndrome related to sudden mass homicide”
This study aimed to clarify and explain the changing ideas about amok
Conducted a historical review of 88 articles in English (found through PubMed) and discovered that the meanings and believed causes of amok have changed over time
Before 1800s, the concept of amok was “frequently associated with war or honor during this period”
Between the 11th and 13th centuries, the introduction of Islam was accelerated; amok was now used in relation to Islam
Some believed that amok was performed exclusively by people who practiced the religion and it was considered a negative behavior
Around the 16th century, European colonization was established
Amok was seen as “madness or behavior that led to punishment under European law”
For the first time, amok was mentioned in courts of law, “with the purpose of suppressing native people’s tendency to regard amok as heroic”
1800-1850
A patient with amok was described in a medical context for the first time
The patient insisted that he suffering from possession by the devil, but the doctor concluded that his symptoms were caused by gastritis or the exacerbation of a gastric ulcer
1850-1900
Chronic dementia, monomania, and psychosis were regarded as psychiatric causes of amok
Emergence of psychodynamic psychiatry
Alcohol and opium were also considered causes of amok
1900-1950
Defense mechanisms, personality, and heredity were introduced as potential causes of amok
Turbulent period; 2 world wars, followed by national independence movements in Indonesia, India, and the Federation of Malaya
Concept of psychobiology emerged
After 1950
Psychodynamic concepts of amok were replaced by “sociocultural explanations focusing on cultural norms, background, and ways of thinking”
Political explanations, proposing that amok was politically motivated
Psychiatry more associated with external and social issues
Changes in the frequency and concept of amok were seemingly affected by “social events, medical discoveries, knowledge of descriptors, and sometimes the benefit to users”
Concepts of amok change “depending on the history of society, as well as the knowledge and intention of people at the time”
from http://criticalpsychiatry.blogspot.com/2018/09/running-amok-in-american-society.html
