Basic Phrases in Finnish
hei = hi
joo = yes
kiitos = thank you
ei = no
heihei = bye-bye
olen... = I'm...
sori = sorry
anteeksi = sorry (formal)
ole hyvä = you're welcome
miten voit? = how are you?
hyvin = well
.
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Basic Phrases in Finnish
hei = hi
joo = yes
kiitos = thank you
ei = no
heihei = bye-bye
olen... = I'm...
sori = sorry
anteeksi = sorry (formal)
ole hyvä = you're welcome
miten voit? = how are you?
hyvin = well
.
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Finnish notes
Finnish (like any foreign language) can be really confusing.
For a long time now I’ve thought the Finnish word “niitä” was the elative of “ne” (they (it)), just like “siitä” is the elative of “se” (it). Now I just learned that it isn’t. “Niitä” is actually the partitive of “ne”, not the elative. “Niistä” is the elative.
niitä - partitive of “ne” sitä - partitive of “se”
niistä - elative of “ne” siitä - elative of “se”
Mä rakastan sitä. / Mä rakastan niitä. I love it. / I love them.
Mä tykkään siitä. / Mä tykkään niistä. I like it. / I like them.
Same with the word “niinä”. I thought that was the inessive of “ne”, just like “siinä” is the inessive of “se”. But no, the inessive of “ne” is “niissä”. “Niinä” is the essive.
niissä - inessive of “ne” siinä - inessive of “se”
niinä - essive of “ne” sinä - essive of “se”; you
Vesi on siinä. / Vesi on niissä. The water is in it. / The water is in them.
(I don’t know any sentences where I can use the essive of “se” and “ne”)
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Finnish Notes #10
In Finnish, the accusative case is used mainly for completed direct objects.
Key word there is completed (confusing sometimes :P)
Examples of completed direct objects in English:
I ate the (whole) apple
I drank (all of) the water
In English, telicity (whether an action is completed or not) is often expressed by either using the present progressive vs. the perfect and the preterite tenses.
Compare:
I am eating an apple (and still eating it) vs. I ate the apple (and there is no more apple left)
I am drinking water (but I have not finished drinking all of it) vs. I drank water (so it is all gone now)
Forming the accusative case:
It is identical to the the genitive case (except for personal pronouns, which take a -t ending instead of the usual -n ending for genitives)
Consonant gradation does occur
Examples:
omena -> omenan
vesi -> veden
Finnish Notes #9
The imperative in Finnish is one of the easier verb forms in Finnish (yay :D)
Singular Imperative:
Take the inflectional root of the verb
Consonant gradation occurs (otta -> ota)
Plural
Take the inflectional root of the verb
Add kaa/kää
Any final e preceded by n, m, l or r is dropped (mene -> menkää)
Since kaa/kää ends in a vowel sound (and not a glottal stop), there is no consonant gradation
Examples (singular / plural):
mene / menkää
ota / ottakaa
vie / viekää
Finnish Notes #8
Possession is very different in Finnish than it is in English.
There is no verb "to have" in Finnish :(
Instead, the adessive case (generally translated as on) is used with the 3rd person singular form of olla (on).
Forming the singular adessive case:
Take the inflectional stem (genitive singular stem) of the noun
If it ends in an e, double the e
Add lla/llä
Consonant gradation occurs
vesi -> vete -> vetellä -> vedellä
minä -> minu -> minulla ( or coloquially, mä -> mu -> mulla )
Forming the plural adessive case:
Take the inflectional stem
Add i (plural marker)
Add lla/llä
Consonant gradation occurs
Most commonly, the adessive case in this usage will be with personal pronouns and names
Minä -> Minulla
Mä -> Mulla
Sinä -> Sinulla
Sä -> Sulla
Se -> Sillä
Hän -> Hänellä
Me -> Meillä
Te -> Teillä
He -> Heillä
Ne -> Niillä
Fred -> Fred:llä
Aulis -> Auliksella
If the possessor and the possessed thing are both concrete and inanimate, the inessive case is used.
The inessive case is formed the same way as the adessive case, except the llä/lla is replaced with ssa/ssä.
Then, just add on and the possession, and you'll have a possessive phrase ^o^
Mulla on omenat (I have the apples)