#postposition

[kanuorde]

Postpositions are one of my favourite elements in languages and I love learning about them sm

[jojal-jojalkorean]

Korean Grammar - Conjunction Particle(접속 조사)

Hello everyone! This is Admin Sun here, today we’re going to talk about Conjunction particles! It’s the last category of the particles. Conjunction particles basically connect things. They are the particles that show that two words are the same status/state. It’s easy if you think of it as words like ‘and’. 

Today I’m going to talk about basic conjunction particles that you need to know while learning Korean! Because in the end learning Korean is half learning all of our particles :D 

There are three main conjunction particles I will talk about today! Just a warning though. All of them are translated into ‘and’. One is usually used in literary/Written style and the other two are mostly used in colloquial/spoken style. We’ll learn the literary style conjunction particle first!

1. 와/과 (usually used in literary style)

와/과 basically translates into ‘And’. For example, 책과 연필 translates into Book and Pencil. Like most particles this one has two forms, 와 being used after no final consonant and 과 being used if the word has a final consonant.

*Examples:

철수가 사과와 포도를 사요. (철수 buys apples and grapes)

식물이 잘 자라려면 물과 햇빛이 필요해. (For a plant to grow well it needs water and sunlight.)

*Differences from the adverbial marking particle 와/과

Noticing the difference from the adverbial marking particle 와/과 and the conjunction particle 와/과 can be hard. Even native speakers have a hard time. The adverbial particle 와/과 translates into ‘with’ and is usually used with words that mean together like 함께 or 같이. For example,

철수와 영희가 학교에 가다 (철수 and 영희 go to school)

In this sentence, the 와 is a conjunction particle.

철수가 영희와 함께 학교에 가다 (철수 goes to school together with 영희)

In this sentence, the 와 is NOT a conjunction particle but an adverbial particle. 

Usually if there is no noun that comes after a 와/과 or if there is a 함께 or 같이 in the sentence it means it’s an adverbial particle and should be translated as ‘with’.

For more information on adverbial particles go to this post.

2.(이)랑 (Usually used in colloquial style)

(이)랑 also translates into ‘and’. If the word ends with a consonant then the form is 이랑, and if the word ends with a vowel the correct form is 랑. Unlike 와/과 which only sticks to the first noun, sometimes people stick (이)랑 to all the nouns as this one is usually used in conversation. For example,

나는 빵이랑 과일이랑 먹었다 (I ate bread and fruit)

3.하고 (Usually used in colloquial style)

This is also a particle that means ‘and’. It only has one form! 

*Examples:

저기 그림하고 연필이 있다. (There is a drawing and a pen)

영희하고 민아가 걸어간다. (영희 and 민아 walk by)

That’s it for today’s lesson! I hope our lesson could help you learn Korean :D

- Written by Admin Sun

-Edited by Admin Yu

[banglanotebook]

৩০ আষাঢ় ১৪২৬ | 14 july 2019

Bangla Word of the Day: ভিতরে [bhitôre] | in, inside

Bangla favors the use of postpositions over prepositions, meaning that words that describe relationships between objects go after the related nouns in a sentence.

Example: The cat is inside the box. বিড়ালটি বাক্সের ভিতরে [biṛalṭi bakser bhitôre]

-”inside” is a preposition because it is placed before “box” -”ভিতরে” is a postposition because it is placed after “বাক্সের”

(photo credit: Sunkissed68)

[jojal-jojalkorean]

Korean Grammar - Postposition Introduction(조사)

Hi. This is Admin Yu! The first grammar lesson of April is the overall introduction of postpositions(particles).

조사 Postposition / Particle

조사(postposition or particle) is a word that is attached to the back of another word to indicate the word’s grammatical role or to add special meaning. A postposition must be attached to a self-reliant word (usually substantive) to be used in a sentence. Because it comes at the back of another word, it’s called postposition. Particle is the alternative name for postposition in Korean. Postpositions can be divided into 격조사(position marking particle), 보조사(assistant postposition), 접속 조사(conjunction postposition) as used.

격조사 Position marking particle / Position marker

Postpositions that assign a word its grammatical role in a sentence are classified as 격조사(position marking particle or position marker). Through the position marking particle, a substantive or a phrase that acts like substantive can be used as 주어(subject), 목적어(object), 서술어(predicate) etc.

주격 조사 : subject marking particle, subject marker ex) 이/가 목적격 조사 : object marking particle, object marker ex) 을/를 보격 조사 : complement marking particle, complement marker ex) 이/가 서술격 조사 : predicate marking particle, predicate marker ex) 이다 관형격 조사 : adnominal marking particle, adnominal marker ex) 의 부사격 조사 : adverbial marking particle, adverbial marker ex) 로, 에게, 에서 호격 조사 : independent word marking particle, independent word marker ex) 아/야

Since a word’s grammatical role can be assigned by the postposition, words can be ordered rather freely in a sentence. Position marking particle can sometimes be omitted.

내가 너를 좋아해. = 너를 내가 좋아해. = 내가 너 좋아해. = I like you.

보조사 Assistant postposition(particle)

Postpositions that add special meanings but don’t assign grammatical roles are classified as 보조사(assistant postposition). These postpositions are often attached to substantives or adverbs.

ex) 은/는, 도, 만, 조차, 마저

나도 너를 좋아해. = I like you too.

접속 조사 Conjunction postposition(particle)

Postpositions that connect two or more words or phrases equally are called 접속 조사(conjunction postposition). Most of them can be translated to “and” or “or”.

ex) 과/와, (이)나, (이)랑, 하고

***

Our grammar lessons of April will be on the Korean postpositions. Postpositions can be a tough concept to understand for those whose first language doesn’t have the postposition system. Understanding the difficulty of the concept, we will be explaining Korean postpositions in full details for April. And our ask box is always open so feel free to ask us any questions!

- Written and edited by Admin Yu

[jojal-jojalkorean]

Korean Grammar - Adverbial Marking Particle(부사격 조사)

Hi. This is Admin Do! Today’s grammar lesson is on the adverbial marking particles. If you want to know more about adverbial phrases in Korean, click here!

부사격 조사(adverbial marking particle / adverbial marker)

부사격 조사(adverbial marking particle) is a postposition belonging to 격조사(position marking particle) and is a word that creates a 부사어(adverbial phrase). The number of 부사격 조사(adverbial marking particle) is very large and varied. Here I'm going to summarize just a few things that might be confusing with the other 격조사(position marking particle).

- ‘~에서’

Used after a preceding word indicating location, source, origin, etc. Caution is required when distinguishing from ‘에서’ of 주격조사(subject marking particle)

ex)

서울에서 출발하는 버스를 탔다.(I took a bus leaving Seoul.)

병원에서 주사를 맞았다.(I got an injection at the hospital.)

- ‘~와/과’

Used after a preceding word representing comparison, standard, accompanying, etc. Caution is required when distinguishing from ‘~와/과’ of 접속조사(conjuction postposition).

ex)

오렌지는 자몽과 비슷하게 생겼다.(Oranges look similar to grapefruit.)

영희는 철수와 소풍을 나갔다.(영희 went on a picnic with 철수.)

- ‘~에’

Used after a preceding word indicating time, cause, condition, etc. There is a great deal of uses. There is also ‘에’ of 접속 조사(conjuction postposition) that connects two or more things in the same qualification.

ex)

나는 밤에 바나나를 먹었다.(I ate a banana at night.)

더위에 얼음이 녹았다.(Ice melted in the heat.)

- ‘~고/라고’

Used after a quotation. Select and use ‘~고’, ‘~라고’, depending on the type of quote. Use ‘~라고’ after quotations that primarily use “ ”.

ex)

철수가 “나는 배가 고파.”라고 말했다.(철수 said, “I'm hungry.”)

택배가 6시에 도착한다고 했다.(The package was said to arrive at six o’clock.)

- Written by Admin Do

- Edited and revised by Admin Yu

[jojal-jojalkorean]

Korean Grammar - Predicate Marking Particle(서술격 조사)

Hi. This is Admin Yu! Today’s grammar lesson is on 서술격 조사(predicate marking particle or predicate marker). To fully understand the predicate marking particle, please check out the previous lessons below!

Fundamental Constituents(주성분) Part 2 : Predicate & Object

Postposition Introduction(조사)

Verbs&Adjectives(용언) -> for more info on conjugation

Predicate marking particle / Predicate marker : 이다

Postposition 이다 is the 서술격 조사(predicate marking particle or predicate marker). Predicate marker is a postposition that can make a word or a phrase work as predicate. There is only one predicate marker in Korean and that is 이다.

If the word its attached to ends with a vowel, 이 can be omitted leaving only the 다 part.

ex) 이것은 나무이다. = 이것은 나무다. = This is (a) tree.

이다 is like the “is(be)” in English. 이다 can indicate the subject’s attribute, behavior, or condition or specify what the subject is indicating. Here are some examples of 이다 used in sentences:

시간은 금이다.

Time is gold.

Emma가 꿈꾸는 직업은 변호사다.

The job Emma is dreaming of is lawyer.

그는 언제나 긍정적이다.

He is always positive.

활용 Conjugation

Unlike other postpositions that can’t change their forms, 이다 can be conjugated. In other words, the form of 이다 can be changed to add meanings just like other verbs and adjectives in Korean.

이것은 책이다.

This is (a) book.

책이- works as the 어간(stem) and -다 works as the 어미(ending). When conjugated, 책이- part stays the same while the -다 part changes. Here are some examples of conjugation:

이것이 책이니?

Is this (a) book?

이것이 책이면 찢어라.

If this is (a) book, rip it.

이것은 책이었다.

This was (a) book.

- Written and edited by Admin Yu

[jojal-jojalkorean]

Korean Grammar - Adnominal Marking Particle & Independent Word Marking Particle(관형격 조사&호격 조사)

Hi! 안녕하세요. This is Admin Na. And today I’m going to talk about the adnominal marking particle and independent word marking particle.

What is an adnominal marking particle?

In a sentence, an adnominal marking particle indicating that the preceding saying is the tubular language of the following saying.

의: UI: Of

Ex)

A study of scents: 향의 연구

A handful of sand: 한 줌의 모래

A song of love: 사랑의 노래

The season of reading: 독서의 계절

The cooking of today's: 오늘의 요리

The goal of one: 하나의 목표

A life of ten days: 열흘만의 생환

As you can see, the relationship of two noun phrases doesn't always have to be the relationship between the possessor and the possession relationship, such as 윌리엄의 튜바 "William's tuba." The first noun is typically the possessor, and the second noun is the possession.

So "UI" must be understood as a particle which makes two nouns into a conventional relationship of a modifier and a modificand to make a bigger noun phrase, rather than being understood as a particle which has a function that shows a certain meaning and gives the meaning relationship to two nouns.

What is an independent word marking particle?

The formal name of this particle is an "independent word marking particle". However, the name is far from the function itself that the particle does in the sentence since this concept doesn't exist in English.

This particle is really putting the noun into the position of the call to make it an independent language.

아/야: Ah/Ya, (이)여: Yeo, (하) Ha

Ex)

Gil-dong, hurry up and come out.: 길동아, 빨리 나와

Young-hee, have a meal: 영희야, 밥 먹어라.

Heaven, please listen to my prayer.: 하늘이시여, 제발 제 기도를 들어주세요.

In middle age, there was also a 'Ha' in the independent word marking particle. 'Ha' was used for the royals, nobels, ministries and gods in order to show the respect. furthermore sometimes it forms the apostrophe too.

Ex)

Moon, raise your head.: 달하 노피곰 도다샤

Oh, my lord, listen to me again.: 아소 님하 도람 드르샤 괴오쇼셔

Dear Sejon.: 세존하

REVIEW TEST

1. What is the only adnominal particle? Please write the answer in english, korean, and also the pronunciation.

A: 의: Ui (of)

2. Write an example that includes an adnominal particle.

A:  A study of scents, a handful of sand etc(you can make tons of them!)

3. What are the two independent words marking particle we use? Please write the answer in Koran, and also the pronunciation.

A: 아/야: Ah/Ya, (이)여: Yeo

- Written by Admin Na

- Edited by Admin Yu

[jojal-jojalkorean]

Korean Grammar - Verbs&Adjectives(용언) + Postposition(관계언)

Hi! This is Admin Do. Today’s grammar lesson will be on verbs, adjectives, and postpositions.

용언

용언 are verbs(동사) and adjectives(형용사) in sentences that represent the movement or action of the subject, state or nature. They are used primarily as a narrative word and are modified by adverbs(부사). Click here to see more about adverbs!

동사 Verbs :

-A word that indicates the movement or action of an object or person.

-A verb that requires an object is called 타동사(transitive verb), a verb that does not need an object is called 자동사(intransitive verb).

+타동사(transitive verb): 보다, 찾다, 읽다 etc

+자동사(intransitive verb): 피다, 일어나다 etc

형용사 Adjective :

-A word that indicates the nature or state of an object or person.

-There is a direct indication of the nature or state of things 성상 형용사 and 지시 형용사 that points on behalf of the nature, time and quantity of things.

+성상 형용사: 예쁘다, 검다, 낮다 etc

+지시 형용사: 그러하다, 어떠하다 etc

어간 Stem & 어미 Ending

Verbs and adjectives are all divided into 어간 and 어미. 어간 represents practical meaning and 어미 represents various grammatical meanings.

어미 is divided into 선어말 어미 and 어말 어미 depending on where she appears.

+어간:  the part whose shape does not change when conjugating; base form without ‘-다’

+어미:  The part where the shape changes when the conjugation is performed, except 어간

활용 Conjugation

In Korean,  various 어미 attach to 어간 of verbs, adjectives to change form and the meaning.

ex) 먹다 = 먹- + -다   ->  먹- is 어간 and -다 is 어미. 먹어, 먹으렴, 먹자 are all changed version of 먹다. You will see that the 먹- didn’t change while the -다 is replaced with other 어미!

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관계언 Postposition (particle)

There is 조사(postposition or particle) as a word that attaches itself to the back of another word to indicate its grammatical relationship with the other word or to add special meaning. Instead of being used on one's own feet in a sentence, it appears on the back of a self-reliant word (mainly 체언). Divided by 격조사, 보조사, 접속 조사 as used.

 ex) 내가 너를 좋아해. 가 and 를 are 조사.

+

Hi. This is Admin Yu here! 용언 and 관계언(조사) are the one of the main differences of Korean and English so they can be a quite difficult concept to understand. We are very aware of the difficulties of these concepts for new Korean learners. So we are planning to elaborate about 용언 and 조사 in full details through our grammar lessons. So please stick with us and let’s master Korean!

-Written by Admin Do

-Edited by Admin Yu