#rational choice

[tilbageidanmark]

A list of cognitive biases

[the-amateur-criminologist]

#1. Classical School of Thought

This is probably the first paradigm (school of thought) you will be introduced to in a criminology class. This post will give you a general idea of what theories under this paradigm look at to explain crime. 

Themes:

Free will and rational deliberation 

You commit crime by choice

Cost-benefit analysis

Does the cost of committing crime outweigh the benefits?

If so, no crime will be committed

If not, crime will be committed

Principle Themes

Human beings are

Rational

Calculating

Hedonistic (self-serving)

Maximize pleasure and minimize costs and pain (for society)

Well known philosophers include Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Both were utilitarian philosophers who believed that social benefits should be maximized for society.

Cesare Beccaria contributed a bit to the Classical Paradigm:

Wrote Essay on Crimes and Punishment

Condemned 

Obscure laws

Unlimited judicial power

Confessions by torture

Punishments that exceed the harm caused

Important components

Rebuked

Irrationality

Cruelty

Capriciousness of existing laws

The judicial and penal system

Proposed a series of reforms that were more humane, rational, efficient, and fair

Codify laws

Write laws down

Reduces discretion

Use of sworn and freely given testimony

Elimination of the death penalty for select crimes

Equal treatment of citizens

Create a system that is swift, certain, and severe enough so that costs outweigh benefits

Thomas Hobbes was actually pretty important too.

He said that if everyone were “free,” then there would be a “war against all.” This meant that if everyone was free to do what they wanted, people could not only rob others, but they could be robbed by the person who robbed them. Because of this, he argued that people were actually not free because they were in fear of others.

  He created the social contract

Posited that we should give up some of our freedom to a governing body to obtain protection 

Basically lose some liberty to not get your ankles broke

Hopefully this sounds familiar (we let the criminal justice system - police, courts, corrections - to enact “justice” instead of taking it upon ourselves to do so)

The state’s function is to use as little force as possible to ensure compliance with the terms of the social contract

The point is to minimize pain and maximize utility

Here are a few other philosophers

Rousseau

Voltaire

Montesquieu

Lock

Three of the most well known theories under this paradigm are (If I have started a series on any of these, I’ll link to the first post of those theories.):

Deterrence Theory

Rational Choice Theory

Routine Activities Theory

So there it is. This is an overview and generally what I learned in class. 

Reference

Paternoster, R., & Bachman, R. (2001). Essays in Contemporary Criminological Theory: Explaining Criminals and Crime. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.

[criminologywithal]

Rational Choice

Crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs up the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.

[internutter]

Challenge #04618-L234: Low Down by the River

Lord Brickhead was, INDEED, the job that needed to be done sooner than expected. Their decisions lead to a disaster. A disaster the Army of Mercy were more than capable of helping alleviate. Brickhead, pantaloons a'mess at seeing what they caused, turned over a new leaf. The place they ruled now offered freely as a home base for a segment of the Army. No lives were lost, the lord of the land learned a harsh, but fair, lesson, and the future was starting to look better for the people.

https://peakd.com/fiction/@internutter/challenge-04427-l043-army-of-kind-hands -- Anon Guest

The Army of Mercy had returned to Lord Brickhead's realm. Specifically, on the border between his realm and his unfriendly neighbour, Mralynchas. The dispute over who owned which side of the river that formed the border had blown up. And so had most of Lord Brickhead's army.

Pax organised the army's tents on both sides of the border, because they were an army that did not end lives. They were the army that saved lives. The wounded of each side were treated only on their side of the river, as negotiated by Pax. With the lord of Mralynchas, because Lord Brickhead had yet to be found.

Because some survivors were unrecognisable under the grime of the battlefield, there was a temporary treatment station literally above the river. There to wash and identify the wounded.

[Check the source for the rest of the story]

[another-garden-of-wildflowers]

flower 12: mimosa

[thetenaciouspeachcollection]

Solution Manual for Business Ethics as Rational Choice John Hooker

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[coldharmonyinfluencer]

Solution Manual for Business Ethics as Rational Choice John Hooker

Click link bellow to view sample of one chapter:

http://testbankair.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Link-full-download-Solution-Manual-for-Business-Ethics-as-Rational-Choice-John-Hooker.pdf

For courses in Business Ethics.

Build business ethics expertise through application. Business Ethics as Rational Choice focuses on building decision-making skills so that readers can arrive at, and defend, personal or company decisions in an objective, and convincing, manner.

Full download solution manual link:

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Origin Book information

ISBN-13: 978-0136118671

ISBN-10: 0136118674

Author: John Hooker

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[thelearningcat]

Political Institutions

I want to be interested in them.

But so much of the research in them seems based on rational choice.

I don't buy rational choice.

Research has shown repeatedly that people aren't rational.

I'm even skeptical of bounded rationality, because just adding the caveat that people are rational within the confines of their limited knowledge and time seems to be giving people too much credit sometimes.

I don't know. Maybe I'm just reading the wrong literature. Too much old white men maybe?

Political Institutions are important don't get me wrong. I just have this issue with the literature boring me, because too much of it is based on bad theories.