-The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures (APiCS) Here is an interactive map of the languages.
Look at all the red dots on the Western Hemisphere. These are the languages and locales: (*not Afro-Diasporic) Download the pdf in chart format here.
Many scholars hold that Ebonics, like several English creoles, developed from contacts between nonstandard varieties of colonial English and African languages. Its exact origins continue to be debated, however, as do the relative influences of the languages involved. Ebonics is not as extensively modified as most English creoles, and it remains in several ways similar to current nonstandard dialects spoken by white Americans, especially American Southern English.
English, with strong influences from West and Central African languages such as Mandinka, Wolof, Bambara, Fula, Mende, Vai, Akan, Ewe, Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Kongo, Umbundu and Kimbundu.
English-lexified creole with West African. Not to be confused with Jamaican English nor with the Rastafarian use of English. Enslaved Africans from West and Central Africa were exposed to, learned and nativized the vernacular and dialectal forms of English spoken by their masters: British English, Scots and Hiberno-English. Jamaican Patois features a creole continuum.
San Andrés Creole English (aka “San Andrés Creole”, “Bende”, and “Islander Creole English”)
Spoken by the raizales, its vocabulary originates in English language, but it has its own phonetics and many expressions from Spanish and African dialects of the Kwa languages (Twi, Ewe and Ibi languages) among others.
Nicaraguan Creole English
Almost identical to Belizean Kriol
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
English-lexified creole language
It is distinct from Tobagonian Creole, particularly at the basilectal level, and from other Lesser Antillean English creoles. Like other Caribbean Creoles, has a primarily English-derived vocabulary, though the island formerly had a creole with a largely French lexicon until the nineteenth century saw its replacement by influence from the British. Other languages on the Island, such as Bhojpuri (which acted as a lingua franca amongst Indian immigrants), Spanish, and Chinese and a number of African languages have also influenced the language.
Derived mainly from English. Its substrate languages are the Native American language Miskito, and the various West African languages which were brought into the country by slaves. These include Akan, Igbo, and Twi.
Sranan Tongo’s lexicon is a fusion of English, Dutch, Portuguese and Central and West African languages. It began as a pidgin spoken primarily by African slaves in Suriname who often did not have a common African language. Sranan also became the language of communication between the slaves and the slave-owners, as the slaves were not permitted to speak Dutch. As other ethnic groups were brought to Suriname as contract workers, Sranan became a lingua franca.
French Guiana and Suriname
The Saramaccan lexicon is largely drawn from Portuguese, English, Dutch, and Sub-Saharan African languages, especially Fongbe, Akan and Gbe. The African component accounts for about 5% of the total.
French Guiana and Suriname
Enslaved blacks who were native-born also began to be referred to as Creole, to distinguish them from new arrivals from Africa. Over time, the black Creoles and Africans created a French and West African hybrid language. The language consists of elements of French, Spanish, African, and Native American roots.
Haitian Creole grammar (or syntax) has strong characteristics of African languages, while its vocabulary is mostly of French origin, with contributions from Spanish, African languages,
Mainly French-Based, but also has some vocabulary from English, Bantu languages and Amerindian languages
Based on French, Carib and African languages with elements of English, Spanish, and Portuguese
Leeward Caribbean Creole English, also known by the names of the various islands on which it is spoken (Antiguan Creole, Saint Kitts Creole, etc.)
Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Many Creole words are derived from English or African origins. The creole was formed when slaves owned by English planters imitated the English of their enslavers but pronounced it with their own inflections. This can be easily seen in phrases such as “Me nah go,” meaning “I am not going,” or in “Ent it?,” presumably a cognate of “Ain’t it?”
Mískito Coast Creole English
Almost identical to Belizean Kriol
Spanish for “half language” or “in-between language”spoken in Salcedo, Ecuador, by about 1,000 people of Native American ancestry. It is usually classified as a mixed language as it combines Spanish vocabulary with a Quechua grammatical system,
Superstrate language with Danish, English, French, Spanish, and African elements
West African substrate and an English superstrate.
Palenque de San Basilio, Colombia
Spanish based mixed with African bantu languages, some influences from Kongo in Democratic Republic of Congo
English lexified language with influences from Dutch, West African Languages, Arawakan and Carib languages, and to a lesser extent Indian languages. It is related to Paramaccan and Aluku.
Now extinct Dutch-based and Ijaw (West African) creole language
English-based, significant link between Bahamian and the Gullah language of South Carolina, as many Bahamians are descendants of slaves brought to the islands from the Gullah region after the American revolution
Curaçao, Bonaire and Aruba
Derived from African Languages and either Portuguese or Spanish, with some influences from Amerindian languages, English, and Dutch
Creole language with a vocabulary based on French. It is spoken primarily in the Lesser Antilles. Its grammar and vocabulary also include elements of Carib and African languages. Antillean Creole is related to Haitian Creole, but has a number of distinctive features; they are mutually intelligible. The language was formerly more widely spoken in the Lesser Antilles, but its number of speakers is declining in Trinidad & Tobago and Grenada. While the islands of Dominica and Saint Lucia are officially English-speaking, there are efforts in both countries to preserve the use of Antillean Creole, as well as in Trinidad & Tobago and its neighbour Venezuela. In recent decades, it has gone from being seen as a sign of lower socio-economic status, banned in school playgrounds,[3] to a mark of national pride.
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