Gumbo (pt. 1 of Jazz) - Ken Burns
Jazz has been called the purest expression of American democracy; music built on individualism and compromise, independence and cooperation.Â
Borne out of African American slavery; the only collective consciousness of being unfree in a free country
Congo Square: where slaves could congregate to sing and dance on a Sunday
Slaves from West Indies [Caribbean], slaves from American South [call & response, work songs, spirituals]
Creoles of colour: people of mixed African and European descent, free people of colour
New Orleans: a melting pot of history, religion, ethnicity, conflict + liveliness
Theatre: minstrel music [plantation songs] written by both white and black people; reinforced racial stereotypes; most popular form of American entertainment from the 1840s
produced pop songs, national humour, widespread across the USAÂ
denigrated the relationship between blacks and white to grapple with the affront to humanity (slavery)
âDaddy Riceâ and Jim Crow - first written minstrel song, heard from a black stablehand
1861: New Orleans in the American Civil War; Â Union seized New Orleans = freedom for the black population, creative burst
Union: North [Abraham Lincoln, abolishing slavery]
Confederacy: South - created when the southern states seceded from the Union [Jefferson Davis, advocating statesâ rights to perpetual slavery + expansion]
Reconstruction [post civil war]; enforcement of civil rights
Compromise of 1877: Reconstruction ended
Withdrawal of federal troops, whites reclaimed control of Southern legislature, Jim Crow disenfranchisement + legal segregation began
Refugees from Mississippi Delta came into New Orleans, fleeing Jim Crow laws; the docks promised a better life from the cotton farms etc.
Form: three chords in 12 bar sequences (choruses) with infinite variation
Stemmed from music of black Baptist churchÂ
Playing the blues was a matter of getting rid of the blues: lyrics = tragic, music = livening; it was a liberating experience to recognize the despair
Introduction of horns: military instrument, leftover from the civil war, imitating the sounds of the church with vibrato
1890: Louisinia segregation on trains, sport, competition; Creoles classified as blacks
Clarinets from Creole orchestras now joined black musicians
âBig Noiseâ Buddy Bolden (1877)
Louder, more innovative, bolder, surprising
Rise and fall (admitted into Louisiana State Asylum)
After midnight: blues + slow dragsÂ