VolcanoFandom

A blog related to volcanoes. What I post is science mixed to my own views and opinion, and should not be taken so seriously. I'm just having fun. I'll talk about volcanoes, both real and fictional.

[volcanofandom]

Alban Volcano of Rome

http://vulcanoalbano.altervista.org/

Is in Italian. It contains lots of interesting fact about Alban Hills.

Translated with Google. Is too long for me. I fix some words whenever is necessary.

THE VOLCANIC RISK IN THE DORMANT SYSTEM OF THE ALBAN HILLS OF ROME (di Daniele Bianchino)

Volcanism in Italy has been intensely active in the last million years, and even where it has ceased continues to affect the human cities that have arisen there. This report, based on the recent studies of the Colli Albani volcanic complex in Rome, does not want to be a disinformative or allarmistic site, but describes the real volcanic risk that may lie in the future on a millenary city at the foot of a quiescent  volcano, very different from other volcanoes in Italy.  The volcanic centers along the Tyrrhenian Italy developed in a region characterized since the Miocene-Quaternary by an extensional tectonics, linked to the eastward migration of the Apennine chain and to the contemporary openings of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Around 500,000 years ago, much of Lazio was shattered by volcanic eruptions. In fact, to the intense explosive activity of the Albano volcano south of Rome, the equally violent one of the volcanoes Vulsini, Cimini and Sabatini north of the Tiber is almost contemporary. Latium has 7 distinct volcanic buildings, divided into four main complexes: Vulsino, Cimino, Sabatino, Albano, belonging to the Roman Magmatic Province, characterized by unusually potassium-rich magmas (volcanic potassic and ultrapotassic rocks).  This province continues to the south with the volcano of Roccamonfina, Ischia, the Campi Flegrei and the Vesuvio where it is indicated with the name of Campanian Magmatic Province. Several calderas (most of them occupied by small lakes) and small volcanoes (scoria cones) of ash belong to the major buildings mentioned above. The activity of the entire volcanic province was mostly explosive, with numerous Plinian and Ultraplinian eruptions associated with caldera collapses. The rocks consist mostly of ignimbritic coats, pyroclastic deposits and scarce lava flows:

The only Italian Volcanoes in perpetual activity are Stromboli and Etna, followed by Vulcano, which has intense sulfurous fumarolic activity, but no eruptions. Pantelleria, Graham and Lipari are quiescent. Among the volcanoes of center-south of Italy, the Albano volcano is one of the few dormant volcanoes, along with Vesuvius, Ischia and Campi Flegrei, although the expected return times for any of its eruptions are much longer than the latter.  Albano Volcano, also called the Latium Volcano, the Volcanic Complex of Alban Hills (popularly known as "Castelli Romani" - Roman Castles), rises 15 km south of Rome; Formed by various overlapping calderas, the result of numerous eruptions, it is one of the largest volcanoes in Italy, characterized by an imposing building that among the volcanoes of central Italy is the one that has the largest volume of lava and pyroclastic emitted (about 300 Km3).

MORE COMING...

[weirdlandtv]

‪How to draw water surfaces. From Jack Hamm’s Drawing Scenery (1972).

[alicenorthernlights-blog]

The mountain… is Mt. St.Helens!

[volcanofandom]

The tallest lava fountains ever recorded.

From here: http://goodies.benwildeboer.com/lava-fountains-vs-empire-state-building/

By Ben • infographics, nature, science • 4 Mar 2013

Lava fountains are impressive. Recently Mt. Etna has been throwing up lava fountains that reach heights of 600-800 meters tall. Erik Klemeti of the Eruptions blog compared that to the size of the Empire State Building:

In his post on the Mt. Etna laval fountains there was a discussion on the height of the largest lava fountains ever recorded. While not official, it is believed that lava fountains during Mt. Vesuvius' 1779 eruption reached heights of 3,000 meters. I wondered what that would look like, so I threw together this image which compares a 3,000 m lava fountain to the height of the Empire State Building.

In order for lava to reach 3000 meters, if we ignore air resistance, it would have to leave the vent traveling nearly 550 miles per hour.

There's a Rhett Allain Dot.Physics post in here if we attempt to look at force, pressure, volume, and acceleration of the magma...

[volcanofandom]

Pompei Eruption a lower end VEI-6. Most likely!

This is what a VEI 5 looks like

And here a VEI-6

The one above is Santa Maria. The volcano is still visible because the eruption was from the flank. The eruption didn’t damage the volcanic edifice, despite being a VEI 6.

The VEI-5 eruption looks rather small. I don’t perceive anything incredible from the pictures. The ash colum goes high in the sky, but people still went near to the volcano (well, this happened even during krakatau eruption, a major VEI-6 but people during the early phases of eruption, still went under the volcano, took pictures and went away. Some plinian eruption aren’t dangerous during the early phase.

Tiny Krakatau was a dwarf even back then, but it is capable of VEI-7. We can say ‘tiny yet powerful’

In Pliny descriptions, the first day the eruption ov Vesuvius wasn’t that bad. Yes it reached VEI-5 by the 24 august, the first day (10 hours are enough to reach a VEI of 5). The description suggest me it looked like something like St Helens, but more there was only a tall plinian column. People just went away from the volcano because of ash rain, that cowered the streets of Pompeii under some 2/3 meters of material.

But the day later it went all dark. Pliny was in a safe area at Misenum (Campi Flegrei). And he describle a dark sky, ash rain and lightinghs. at 30 km away from Vesuvius. The column was tall and even large. Vesuvius disappeared because of collapsing on itself. That sounds more like being near a volcano erupting at VEI-6. To reach VEI-6, a volcano needs little less than 48 hours.

Vesuvius had two legit VEI-5 eruption later (Pollena and Costantinopolee-1631 eruptions). Both were considered sub-plinian, and both, in the description, sounds something like the one of St.Helens, with the difference it lasted weeks rather than days.

I’m not the only one that believe Pompeii was a VEI-6, and certainly not the one that came out with this. There are experts that suggest that. also because paterial ejected from explosive eruptions get eroded easily and in short time. Mount Vulture in Italy was also capable of plinian eruptions, but the ejecta disappeared totally. We know it was an explosive volcano only because of it’s St.Helens shape. But we can’t know how high it’s VEI was (I’ve read only on a document that it was most likely half of the strenght of Vesuvius, so possibly a VEI-5 volcano or a lower end VEI-6

[volcanofandom]

How dangerous can be a VEI-3 volcano?

Stromboli, the weakest volcano in Italy. A VEI-3, in a country with a tendency to generate VEI 6-7 volcanoes. A volcano not well known for it’s violence.

The latest eruption seemed the eruption of Sinabung (both rathed VEI-2). But few minutes ago i was reading an article about history of Stromboli and how many victims and disaster it caused with it’s VEI-3 eruption. As frightening as the way more powerful Vesuvius.

As idiot as I am, I always considered Stromboli the less dangerous volcano of Italy, because i value VEI too much. Instead is Etna, a VEI-6 volcano, a volcano morphologically similar to Tambora, the less dangerous volcano of Italy. Etna is not know to having killed people. Mostly victim of Etna were either reckless people that went too close to erupting craters, or victim of Etna as mountain, not as volcano.

I wonder why people built cities around Stromboli. Is pratically like trying to build a city on slopes of Krakatau, something unconfortable to do due to the shape of the volcano.

I think I already wrote here that lands around volcanoes should be used only for crops. For safety reason, every volcano should be treated as VEI-6, and cities should be built only many km away.

I say VEI-6 becaue VEI-7 and VEI-8 eruption affect the whole word, and escaping from them just not make sense, unless you don’t leave Earth.

[volcanofandom]

Fictional volcanoes I created:

Mount Odinson. A somma-stratovolcano with a VEI of 6. Located in Iceland or somewhere in Scandinavia. It had a Pompeii-like eruption that left a large crater, 3000 meters wide, and covered the surrounding cities under a thick layer of ash. Since then the vent remained open and it formed a lava lake. Prone to subplinian eruption, but also to effusive eruption with basaltic lava flows, pahoehoe type. The lava lake in the end disappeared, and a new volcano formed inside the caldera. Today the caldera is almost completely disappeared, only the rim is still visible. The volcano is really active and now it has a persistent lava lake, like Villarica.

Mount Adriano, south of Tuscany, also a VEI-6. A stratovolcano with two calderas, a bigger one on the low part destroyed most of the ancient mountain, with an eruption that ejected about 40km3 of ash. after that it regrew a new volcano, that later erupted at VEI-5, forming a second, horyzontal caldera on the top. In the middle of this caldera, a new stratocone is forming. The volcano erupts on average once every year, and most of it's eruptions are Strombolian, with Aa lava flows.

Marele-Deal-Ars, in the middle of Transylvania region, shield volcano, VEI-2. It's eruptions are Hawaiyan style, with lava fountain and gentle basaltic pahoehoe lava flows. Linear eruptions are also common. There are lots of cinder cone on it's flanks. It is considered a sacred mountain.

Mount Truzzo, Italy, about near the borders with Switzerland. A stratovolcano, VEI-5 max, no sign of calderic collapse, but sign of formations of cryptodomes. The volcano lava is very viscous and the jagged rim of the crater suggest that is prone of Peléean eruptions. Lava flows are rare, and they’re of Aa type. At the moment the volcano is dormant and a crater lake (water) has formed.

(This volcano is based on a mountain near my home, that looks like a volcano because of perspective) Additional volcanoes

Mount Adamello, a large, truncated stratovolcano that formed in the middle of the alps. It has a VEI of 7 and a lake inside it’s 11km wide caldera. the VEI 7 is actually it’s latest eruption, occurred about 3000 years ago. Since then the volcano is dormant, and there are no sign of incoming eruptions, but is constantly monitored.

(Adamello is actually a real, large magma chamber, that didn’t form a volcano but it emerged because of erosion. I’ve read somewhere it had the size of the magma chamber that feeds Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei, and Ischia, maybe is even bigger, so I assumed it could easily generate a VEI-7 volcano. Most of volcanoes that erupted in north Italy in prehistorical time rated VEI-7. Bolzano Caldera rated VEI-8, and it produced the most powerful eruption ever occurred in European continent).

Gizah Volcanic Complex - A volcanic field including three stratovolcanoes, cynder cones and fissure vents in Egypt (border to Sudan), one next to the other, in the same pattern of the popular Gizah pyramids, for this they took the name. The stratovolcanoes also have the same names of the pyramids, Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure. Khafre, the volcano in the center and the most powerful of the three is craterless, and it has a tendency toward explosive eruptions that rate VEI-4. It is currently dormant. The other volcanoes never erupted above VEI-3. Menkaure is the youngest stratovolcano (only 500 years old) the smallest and lately the most active. The volcanic field has a tendency toward strombolian and linear eruptions.

Mount St.Olaf - A large, symmetrical, Fuji like stratovolcano, completely covered by snow, that formed on the top of mountains in Sweden, towering on the mountains and visible at long distances. It is about 5000 years old and it has not yet traces of calderic collapses or cinder cones. It is estimated to have had at least one VEI-5 eruption about 4000 years ago, due to a large ignimbrite deposits, half covered by it’s recent lava flows. At the moment it is dormant and is visited by climbers. It is not dangerous as volcano, as nobody lives around, but is still constantly monitored because of the climbers. However it claimed many lives as mountain.

(This volcano is partially inspired to Mount St.Helens, and I particularly like the scandinavian name Olav and likes)

Mount Pi and Cup cinder cone - Mount Pi is a symmetric stratovolcano of modest size (barely 1000 meters tall) with steep flanks, towering on a city. The two sides of the volcano look mirrored. This mirror effect is broken only by the presence of the Cup cinder cone on it’s base, on the right side between the volcano and the city. Mount Pi is dormant and is visited by tourists, since it is accessible. It is possible to walk on the bottom of the crater and to see fumarolas. Cup cinder cone, completely covered in vegetation is extinct, because often cinder cones are monogenic volcanoes and erupt just once.  Mount Pi has a VEI of 3

Later I will add illustrations of those volcanoes.

[volcanofandom]

Lava everywhere

From here https://www.communicanimation.com/pensacreativo/quando-la-lava-diventa-ispirazione/

When my classmate saw pahoehoe lava on a documentary about Icelandic volcanoes and basalt, they found this lava disgusting.

On Italian volcanoes, Not etna, not Stromboli have this kind of lava (they spew Aa lava), but is Mount Vesuvius that tipically spews pahoehoe lava.

Lava lake

Literally “I lava you”

As viscous as honey.

[volcanofandom]

Soft pahoehoe lava.

[volcanofandom]

Children and volcanoes

Sinabung erupted last week. And my 3 years old nepher (who already knows what a pyroclastic flow and what a shield volcano and a stratovolcano are, and this since he was 2) was shoked after having seen this video:

I’m not sure it it was this one, I remember it was a clearer video than this.

However, Sinabung top shattered. And my nephew started to ask ‘Why do volcanoes break?’

I told him, with drawings and explanations, that volcano do break when they erupt too strongly. Magma chamber emptys, so the volcano collapse, forming a caldera, and then it regrows and come back to the shape it once was - though that’s not true for all volcanoes. Villarica, that is a VEI-6, fully recovered, and toda it looks like a fine, tall stratocone, with barely caldera traces. Bezymianny, a VEI-5, Saint Helens looking Russian Volcano, in just 60 years almost fully rebuilt itself. The same can’t be said for Vesuvius, the AD79 caldera partially disappeared only after 1800 years from the eruption, and is still for most, visible..

I also told him what happen when a criptodome forms inside the volcano edifice. My mum added ‘Lava doesn’t always know where to go, so it main stay inside a volcano, until the volcano collapse.

Children can fear volcanoes (like I used to) or fell like if they are alive and can get hurt. A children that lived under St.Helens (on the southern side), when he woke up that may 18th 1980, noticed that his mountain lost his top. So he wrote a letter to the volcano: ‘Get well soon!’

Below some drawing done by Vesuvian children,showing how they see Vesuvius.

Vesuvius is:

I won’t draw it because it scares me

A fire fountain

A bomb that might explode  at every time

A sleepyhead without schedule

The mother that embrace her daughter Naples and her brothers (The tendency to see volcanoes as female shows. in Italy Vesuvius is seen as male and is often called ‘father’, but some refer to it as ‘her’).

Like a lion who sleeps

(Vesuvius is indeed, often descripled as uncontrollable, beastly rather than as evil)

A friend, but he needs to be monitored.

many other here: http://www.cittabambini.it/wp/2016/02/16/disegni-vesuvio/

[volcanofandom]

Why the VEI is Wonked

Carl le Strange / April 10, 2012 From VolcanoCafe

Eyjafjallajökull 2010-04-18.

The VEI scale might be the most ill-begotten piece of quasi-physics ever devised in the history of mankind. One thing becomes abundantly clear and that is that Chris Newhall and Stephen Self might be good volcanologists, but they are not in any way physicists.

Let us start with a basic problem. Eyjafjallajökull was a VEI-4 calculated on primarily the amount of tephra ejected, and secondarily on the height of the ash-plume. Grimsvötn ejected as much tephra, and had an even higher ash-plume. Both are VEI-4s according to the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI).

The basic requirements for a VEI-4 is that it ejects between 0.1 to 1.0 cubic kilometer of tephra, and has an ash-plume that is anywhere between 10 and 25 km high. Eyjafjallajökull ejected 0.25 cubic kilometers of tephra and had a peak ash-column of 9 kilometers. Grimsvötn is not fully tallied up, but it released the same amount of tephra in its first 24 hours, and had an ash-column that was 20 kilometers high. Eyjafjallajökull took 60 days to erupt the tephra, and only for a couple of days had a 9 km ash-column. But let us say that they both released the same amount of energy during the mentioned time spans, just for arguments sake (at least for now).

What is an explosion? It is the almost instant release of pent up energy. 1 quarter kilo stick of dynamite is the same amount of energy as 2 Mega-joules of energy, or the power equivalent of a 550 watt travelling hairdryer running for 1 hour. Guess which will blow up your car?

And here we hit the head of the VEI-nail with a stupendous physics hammer. If we go back to an explosion being your basic energy release over a specific time, then the time issue gets rather critical quickly. Why is this important? Well, the energy release over the specific time frame decides how destructive an explosion is. Dynamite is destructive, a hair dryer is not destructive (unless your stylist is a moron).

Photograph by Hrafn Óskarsson 2011. Grimsvötn seen in the evening from Reykjavik, height 20 kilometers.

Now some of you will have tallied up things and come up with a huge difference between the eruptions. If you are a normal sane person you have now calculated the difference in destructive force between Eyjafjallajökull and Grimsvötn being 60 times larger. With sane I mean that you did not study physics. To loft up the same amount of tephra in a sixtieth of the time poor Grimsvötn needed to use Eyjafjallajökulls total energy squared. This is actually simplified; Grimsvötn erupted through a 16 times wider muzzle and lofted the load to twice the height.  For those of you who own guns, you know what I am talking about. But in the end the number of 240 times more destructive will suffice. (Dear colleagues, I am simplifying things here.)

To go back to the analogue, Eyjafjallajökull was not a travelling hairdryer compared to Grimsvötn, it was more like a professional hairdryer used for half an hour. It will still though not blow up your car; it will just make your hair look un-natural quicker.

As you by now know, all VEIs are not equal, and sometimes physics is good for tearing down idiotic scales created by people who just want to have a scale named after them. When I have the time I will create a scale that actually measures how destructive an explosive eruption roughly is, but that would still not take into account all sorts of destructive forces involved in an eruption. It would just be a small component of the problem, because in the end the non-explosive Laki eruption killed more people than any other volcano in the history of mankind. VEI, yeah right! I think I will acronym my poor formulation into Destructive Index of Eruptions.

CARL

My personal opinion

The issue with VEI scale is that it calculates Tephra only, so we have VEI 5 eruptions that double the size of VEI 6 eruptions in amount of total ejecta.

Let’s say we have two imaginary volcanoes: Mt.Odinson and Mt. Adrian. The two volcanoes are both capable of Plinian eruptions, and both are classified at VEI-6.

One day, after a long period of quiescence, the two volcanoes erupt. About the same day, both Plinian eruptions, both with a column as tall as 30+ km.

After some days there is time of estimations.

Mt.Odinson erupted about 10 km3 of tephra and 2 km3 of pumice, for a total of 12 km3. The eruption is classified as VEI 6

Mt. Adrian erupted 6 km3 of tephra and 14 km3 of pumice, for a total of 20 km3 of material. But, because it only erupted 6 km3 of tephra, Adrian eruption gets classified as VEI 5. And that’s quite stupid. Adrian ejected way more volcanic material than Odinson, in the same amount of time, and even the deposit and the destruction was more massive, so it’s eruption has been more powerful. Then why a VEI 5?

One thing is Mt. St.Helens in 1980. That was a minor VEI 5, it doesn’t matter what. It ejected a total of 2.2 km3 of material (material, not tephra alone), and 1km3 of tephra, including the landslide. But many volcanoes that get classified as VEI 5 because of low tephra amount (and later they get upgraded as VEI 6), ejected over 10km3 of volcanic material, and leave a thick layer of ash and pumice. A low VEI is not deserved. And it also understimate the real treat of the volcano, so people base the classification on what they see on newspaper. But your understimated ‘VEI-5′ volcano (Let’s say a name: Mount Fuji) might be able to surprise you by ejecting 30km3 of material. And it will hurt badly.

[volcanofandom]

Fictional and real volcanoes

Human approach toward volcanoes is not accurate in fictional stories.

In real life, people that live around a volcano, love their volcanoes, sometimes they workship them. Regardless their beliefs, and regardless the volcano’s ‘personality’.

Etna for example is often named ‘the lady’ and ‘mama’. There are also people that workship the volcano and pray the volcano.

Vesuvius is more strictly linked to St. Gennaro and Christianity. Vesuvius is often seen as a beastly volcano, a lion that sometimes attacks and St.Gennaro must calm it. But sometimes is also seen as the stritc and violent dad. Vesuvius is an ambiguous presence. Neapolitans love and fear it.

Even Mt.St.Helens, even though isolated, was loved. And Harry Truman talked about her as alive presence. in fact:  "If the mountain goes, I'm going with it. This area is heavily timbered, Spirit Lake is in between me and the mountain, and the mountain is a mile away, the mountain ain't gonna hurt me."

in Indonesia there are people that offer animals as sacrifice for their volcanoes, even if they are muslim.

Some volcanoes have the ‘she’ pronoun. Hardly we see a ‘he’ volcano.

Volcanoes in religious texts and among people that live on their slopes, are seen as positive presence.

Then we have fictional volcanoes: Amon Amarth (LotR), Vvardenfell (Elder’s scroll) in particular. They’re describled as negative presence. People avoid them, despise them.

Mount Ebott, the home of monsters from Undertale, is not describled as ‘evil’ mountain but is feared and seen as negative presence. I believe that it is because people that write stories don’t live near a volcano and don’t know what is like to live near one of more of them. I don’t live near a volcano neither, but I’ve read about them, and I notice the tendency to love, rather than hate volcanoes. 

This phrase puts the good part later, after a ‘But’:

“ Volcanoes are dangerous. Volcanoes are deadly. But they're also beautiful and awe-inspiring.”

[volcanofandom]

Martian stratovolcanoes Zephyria Tholus and Elysium Mons

While stratovolcanoes are common on Earth, they’re extremely rare on other planets of solar system.

on Mars, almost all volcanoes are shield, except few cinder cones and two stratovolcanoes (of those, one is also a shield). on Venus there are no stratovolcanoes at all, but there are pancakes domes, that can’t be found on Earth and Mars. It should be noted, however, that Venus has an atmospheric pressure that is 90 times the one of Earth, so possibly stratovolcanoes might have been squished from the start, developing into shield instead.

The only pure stratovolcano on Mars is named Zephyria Tholus.

https://onehundredmountains.blogspot.com/2011/05/meizan-from-outer-space.html

Meizan from outer spaceA new candidate for the “Mt Fuji of Mars” is proposed. And why stop there… ? Sumimasen: a few posts ago, I did something ill-considered. It was reckless to designate Mons Olympus, the largest volcano on the Red Planet, as "the Mt Fuji of Mars" (火星富士). For even the briefest glance shows that the Martian mountain (below) looks nothing like Mt Fuji. It isn’t even the same kind of volcano.

And, if you do seek a Mars-Fuji, there are better choices. Take Zephyria Tholus, for instance, an “unusually symmetrical cone located in the Aeolis region of Mars … with a flat-floored summit crater”. As you’d expect from this description, Zephyria is likely to be a stratovolcano. That is certainly the conclusion of Emily Lewis and James Head, two savants from Brown University who analysed the radar data from NASA’s Mars Orbiter.

Just like the real Mt Fuji, the Martian cone (above) has slightly concave upper slopes and its edifice is “dissected” by two huge erosion gullies. Even the height is Fuji-like: about 3,000 metres today and perhaps as tall as 3,900 metres in the past. Like Fuji’s, the summit crater plunges about 200 metres deep. However – and this is where the comparison does get a bit stretched – Zephyria’s cauldron is about eight or nine times wider than the Japanese one. Also, its summit slopes are only about half as steep as Fuji’s. All in all, Zephyria would look squatter than Fuji. That, say Lewis and Head, is only to be expected of Martian volcanoes – the low gravity and thin atmosphere allow eruptive debris to fly further, resulting in a more spread-out edifice. You see, Mars is a foreign planet; they do things differently there.  

Yet proposing Zephyria as Mars-Fuji shouldn’t be too controversial. It only extends the Japanese custom of awarding the “Fuji” suffix to any mountain that looks remotely conical. Thus, there is hardly a Japanese prefecture without its own Fuji, from one end of the archipelago to the other: Rishiri-Fuji, Ezo-Fuji, Tsugaru-Fuji … The point about all these honorary Mt Fujis is that they share the elegance of their original. In short they are “Meizan”. The word is Japanese, but it can apply to any mountain of note, anywhere. When they relabelled Mt Rainier (below) as “Tacoma-Fuji”, homesick émigrés from Japan implicitly recognised that.

So did Fukada Kyūya, the maven of Meizan. Encouraged by the success of his One Hundred Mountains in Japan (Nihon Hyakumeizan), he was busy compiling a Sekai no Hyakumeizan (One Hundred Mountains of the World) when he died in 1971. But why stop with the world? As Lewis and Head show, other planets have Meizan too. Indeed, there should be more than enough for a One Hundred Mountains of the Solar System (太陽系の百名山). Now which would they be, I wonder.... ?

The other stratovolcano (though is an half shield), Elysium Mons, might have characteristics similar to Mount Etna, a large shield base with a tiny stratocone on the top (though Etna has FOUR tiny stratocone on the top of a still active large shield)

From wikipedia: https://repress.alummah.news/browses.php?q=https%253A%252F%252Fen.wikipedia.org%252Fwiki%252FVolcanology_of_Mars

Elysium volcanic province

A smaller volcanic center lies several thousand kilometers west of Tharsis in Elysium. The Elysium volcanic complex is about 2,000 kilometers in diameter and consists of three main volcanoes, Elysium Mons, Hecates Tholus, and Albor Tholus. The northwestern edge of the province is characterized by large channels (Granicus and Tinjar Valles) that emerge from several grabens on the flanks of Elysium Mons. The grabens may have formed from subsurface dikes. The dikes may have fractured the cryosphere, releasing large volumes of ground water to form the channels. Associated with the channels are widespread sedimentary deposits that may have formed from mudflows or lahars.[37] The Elysium group of volcanoes is thought to be somewhat different from the Tharsis Montes, in that development of the former involved both lavas and pyroclastics.[38]

Elysium Mons is the largest volcanic edifice in the province. It is 375 km across (depending on how one defines the base) and 14 km high. It has single, simple caldera at its summit that measures 14 km wide and 100 m deep. The volcano is distinctly conical in profile, leading some to call it a stratocone;[39] however, given the predominantly low slopes, it is probably a shield. Elysium Mons is only about one-fifth the volume of Arsia Mons.[37]

Hecates Tholus is 180 km across and 4.8 km high. The slopes of the volcano are heavily dissected with channels, suggesting that the volcano is composed of easily erodible material such as volcanic ash. The origin of the channels is unknown; they have been atrributed to lava, ash flows, or even water from snow or rainfall.[40] Albor Tholus, the southernmost of the Elysium volcanoes, is 150 km in diameter and 4.1 km high. Its slopes are smoother and less heavily cratered than the slopes of the other Elysium volcanoes.[41]

[weirdlandtv]

Mœbius—it has been a while.

[volcanofandom]

A city surrounded by active stratovolcanoes.

[volcanofandom]

About Mount Etna

https://books.google.it/books?id=Z3c2_E8w4UEC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=lava+fountain+3000+meters&source=bl&ots=I9xSQsB0yz&sig=ACfU3U0VmK8B2xd6dZuD_dTKgkGZ6ETSuQ&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7ipCZls3iAhWE-aQKHRshCuMQ6AEwEnoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=lava%20fountain%203000%20meters&f=false

[volcanofandom]

So Mionian and Avellino eruptions occurred togheter. The two eruptions are indirectly mentioned in the Bible.

Time ago I read something about how often volcanoes are mentioned in religions, usually as positive presence, and Christianity has it’s own volcanoes aswell, though they’re mentioned only indirectly. It turned out that the mentioned volcanoes are Santorini and Vesuvius. Vesuvius caused the seven plague of Egypt, while Santorini was the one that helped the Jews to escape from the Egyptian slavery (also because Vesuvius is on the other side. It’s tsunami go in France, not toward Egypt).

Vesuvius Avellino eruption was a VEI-6 that ejected about 10 up to 26 km3 of volcanic material. Santorini eruption ejected 40 to up to 100 km3 of volcanic material, rating VEI-6 to VEI-7 (Santorini is very similar to Krakatau. Her only difference is the fact that Santorini is a shield, and most of her eruptions are effusive, while Krakatau is a caldera, and most of it’s eruptions are vulcanian. Santorini is also treacherous. she won’t advice you if she is going to burst. On the other hand Vesuvius, despite being a very violent volcano (It’s eruptions are never below VEI-3), will give you clear advice about it’s incoming eruptions.

On Wikipedia I’ve read that once it was though that Avellino eruption occurred about 200 years before Mionian eruption. But recent researces with Carbon14 show that the two eruption occurred in the same period, probably less than 10 years apart (most likely Vesuvius eruption occurring first) Maybe the two volcanoes erupted the same year, maybe even the same month or the same day. A full VEI-6 and a minor VEI-7 the same period is a super bad new.

I don’t know if in “ The Prince of Egypt “ the Bible was faithfully followed, however climate disturbance started to occur before the Jews escaping, and bad things already happening to the Egyptians. That was the effect of Vesuvius eruption. Then Moses and the Jews left the Egypt, and when they reached Israel, the sea closed on the Egyptians that were chasing the Jews. The moment when Santorini erupted. That shows that most easily, Vesuvius and Santorini erupted few weeks apart.

I’ve read recenty that volcanologist discover new things about the volcanoes they’re studying also with the help of religious texts. Now I don’t remember what volcano was (one of the Hawaii, Mauna Loa or Kilauea?), but they found evidences of an eruption thanks to the religious texts of Hawaiyan local beliefs. It does not matter if you’re a believer or an atheist, the religious texts revealed helpful, regardless your beliefs. This text describled exactly the eruption of a volcano, and it was pretty accurate.

[volcanofandom]

Volcanoes, VEI classification from Wikipedia.

The classification contain some personal correction. Also some of the listed volcanoes are extinct. I might add some later.

VEI-1 (one volcano) Kick’em Jenny

VEI-2 (seven volcanoes) Mount Adams Brennisteinsfjöll Erta Ale Krýsuvík Mauna Loa Mount Nyiragongo Whakaari-White Island

VEI-3 (seven volcanoes) Gareloi Volcano Koryaksky Mount Kusatsu-Shirane Ljósufjöll Nazko Cone Stromboli Torfajökull

VEI-4 (twentythree volcanoes) Avachinsky Mount Awu Chaîne des Puys Deriba Caldera Eyjafjöll Volcán de Fuego Mount Gambier Kīlauea Krafla Lascar Manam Motu Mayon Mount Ruang Nevado del Ruiz Parícutin Mount Pavlof Mount Pelée Quetrupillán Sarychev Peak Thordarhyrna Ulawun Vulcano (?) Mount Yasur

VEI-5 (thirtyeight volcanoes) Mount Agung Mount Akutan Aogashima Mount Asama Askja Cerro Azul Mount Bandai Mount Berlin Bezymianny Bridge River Vent Calbuco Colima Cosigüina El Chichón FPiton de la Fournaise Mount Fuji Furnas Galunggung Glacier Peak Mount Haruna Hayes Volcano Hekla Mount Kaguyak Llaima Makushin Volcano Mayor Island-Tuhua Mount Meager massif Öræfajökull Pico Viejo Putauaki Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Mount Rainier Shiveluch Soche Mount Tarawera Mount Tongariro Mount Usu Yantarni Volcano

VEI-6 (fifthy volcanoes) Ambrym Mount Aniakchak Apoyeque Bárðarbunga Billy Mitchell Black Peak Ceboruco Mount Churchill Dakataua Deception Island Eldgjá Mount Emmons Mount Erebus Mount Etna Fisher Caldera Grímsvötn Huaynaputina Mount HudsonI Lake Ilopango Karymsky Katla Khangar Kolumbo Ksudach Kuwae Laacher See Laki Masaya Volcano Lake Mashū Menengai Morne Diablotins Nevado de Toluca Novarupta Lake Okataina Mount Okmok Pago (volcano) Mount Pinatubo Popocatépetl Quilotoa Rabaul caldera Raoul Island Mount Saint Helens Sakurajima Santa María Sturgeon Lake Caldera Taal Volcano Tao-Rusyr Caldera Ulleungdo Mount Veniaminof Villarica Mount Vesuvius

VEI-7 (thirtytwo volcanoes) Aguas Calientes caldera Aira Caldera Alban Hills Mount Aso Lake Atitlán Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex Cerro Blanco Henry's Fork Caldera Karymshina Kikai Caldera Krakatau Kulshan Caldera Kurile Lake Ischia Long Valley Caldera Lvinaya Past Macauley Island Maipo Lake Maninjau Mount Mazama Crater Lake McDermitt volcanic field Mount Merapi Paektu Mountain Phlegraean Fields Reporoa Caldera Mount Rinjani Rotorua Caldera Santorini Mount Tambora Teide Valles Caldera Young Island

VEI-8 (thirteen volcanoes) City of Rocks State Park Galán La Garita Caldera Cerro GuachaI Island Park Caldera La Pacana Misema Caldera Pastos Grandes Lake Taupo Lake Toba Tondano Vilama Yellowstone Caldera

[volcanofandom]

I was taugh lava could destroy everything...