How did you go about learning comic formatting? I got the critique from someone who reads more comic books than I do that my paneling didn't flow well. How do you go about figuring out how many panels on a page/what on what page?
Fantastic question anon, sorry it took so long to reply, I wanted to talk about a bunch of different stuff but I'll try to stick to the readability point
Heads up that I neither have art training nor do I read a lot of comics. I can explain some of the rules and processes I use, but they're not objective laws!
I'd recommend both 'Understanding Comics' by Scott McCloud, and 'Framed ink' by Marcos Mateu-Mestre. Neither book will tell you exactly what to do (annoyingly!) but they both have foundations and ideas that will help you figure things out as you go.
What is a "page", anyway?
If you're publishing online and you don't have immediate plans to print, consider disregarding the concept of a 'page' in the sense of a fixed aspect ratio and size.
A lot of webcomics now are published in a narrow single-column format, because that's easier to read on a phone screen. That's an extreme, but the point is that unless you're publishing physically, your comics don't have to look a certain way.
If you would normally fit 5 panels per page, but your comic needs 7, you don't have to cramp everything up, or pad it out to fill the space of 10 panels. You can just make your pages taller or shorter to fit your content.
A few of the comics I've made recently (pmttg, ink and honey) have been quite narrow, but vertically very long. Sometimes that just works better for the subject material than having a lot of horizontal columns to fill. If you really struggle will 'filling the page' I'd say start with narrow or single-panel width pages and build from there.
Speech and images are equal
For comics that have dialog, you have to respect and design around your speech bubbles.
It's common for beginners to prioritize the art, and then shove the speech bubbles where-ever it's convenient, even if that compromises the overall flow. That'd be like a novel not leaving space for the dialog and just cramming it into the margins.
To make the page flow properly, figure out the dialogue early, and then plan your panels and layout so that there's enough room and it appears on the correct beats.
The sooner you can get text-boxes on your page, the better. Seriously.
A panel is there to communicate something — ideally 1 thing. It should be clear at a glance what that panel is saying, and if it's not clear, that will disrupt the flow.
People read comics very quickly! Assume that they are spending almost no time inspecting the details of the art, and design the panel to ensure they understand what you're communicating.
Otherwise readers may miss information and have to go back and forth to figure it out. Compare these two panels, which are both supposed to communicate a guy about to drink some coffee. One of those is a lot easier to read than the other!
Reading patterns and ordering
Unless you're doing something avant guarde, there shouldn't be any ambiguity about the order things are read.
Figure out where the focus points of your panels are and if there is a clear logical order. For English-language comics, you almost always the reading order to travel from left to right, then down, in a zigzag. Any other movement is going to create friction or confusion
You can draw little diagrams over the top if that helps!
Never jump straight into drawing and panelling!
Start with a list of the dialogue and what needs to happen, then start thumbnailing individual panels.
You don't need to be thinking about the layout at all here, unless the shape of the panel is important to the message. The idea is just to get a sense of what visuals, and how many you need, before you start thinking about the page.
This means that when you're ready to start stringing the panels together into a layout, you can see all the essential 'beats' you need to include, and can start to fit them together.
Make rough sketches of your layout before you commit to it. Leave space for the text, and loosely draw what will be in the panel.
I'd recommend doing initial panel thumbnails on paper, really small. But I like to do the layout tests digitally so I can grab things and move them around. There's a lot of trial and error.
You'll notice I use a very "bento box" approach to page layouts. Mostly it's a regular grid of rectangles. That's not a bad thing!
Simple is easier to make, easier to read, and it means that when you DO something fancy, like have a character break out of the panel, that it feels SPECIAL. Emphasis loses its impact if it's overused.
Leave space on the inside and outside of your bubbles. Let the focus points breathe
If characters are in frame together, try to keep them on the same side of the 'shot' every time. This rule can be broken sometimes, and sometimes it requires some creativity, but it helps keep the reader spatially oriented
Don't use fancy fonts for dialogue
If you have to color code / label your bubbles that's a sign that your layout needs to change. Find a way to put your dialogue close to the character speaking. Do everything in your power to make it foolproof!
What do I put inside the panels?
Lastly a note about panel content. I used to tear my hair out about what I should be drawing inside my panels. There aren't many good resources, and it can feel like a steep learning curve.
My best advice is study — you don't have to read a ton of comics, but take a couple of pages of any comic you like, and really look at it. Ask yourself why each panel was 'shot' the way it is. What subconscious effect is this creating? You don't need to know the 'correct' answers here. Just asking 'why' and coming up with your own answers goes a long way
One of the best things I ever did for comic-creation was watch the first episode of 'The OC' and attempt to reverse engineer the cinematography decisions. At a certain point, things just 'clicked' and the visual 'language' starts to get easier to figure out.