Today marks the 178th anniversary of the Allahdad, a violent anti-semitic progrom & forced conversion of the Jewish community of Mashhad, Iran, in 1839. One of the darkest days in Iranian Jewish history.
Mashhadi Jews trace their roots to the 1740s when the ruler of Iran, Nader Shah, decided to relocate 40 Jewish merchant families from Qazvin to Mashhad which had been declared by Nader Shah as the new capital of Iran.
Nader Shah was relatively liberal towards minorities & entrusted the Jewish families to protect the treasures he had plundered from his invasion of India. He also expected their roles as merchants & their international connections would bring economic prosperity to his new capital.
The city of Mashhad in north-east Iran is one of the holiest & most pious in the country. It houses the shrine of Imam Reza, the 8th Shia Imam. The city itself grew around the shrine after the shrine was built. The city is often called “Iran’s spiritual capital”.
While the relocation of the Jewish families did contribute to Mashhad’s economic prosperity, local Muslims were less than enthusiastic about the Jewish presence in their holy city.
The tensions & anti-Jewish sentiments culminated in 1839 during the holy month of Muharram when a violent mob attacked the Jewish quarter, destroying synagogues & homes, burning torah scrolls, abducting young girls, & killing between 36-40 Jews. A large number fled to the nearby city of Herat in what is now Afghanistan. Most Afghan Jews today are descended from the Mashhadi refugees.
Those who remained in Mashhad after the pogrom were compelled to convert to Islam under the threat of death. Local Muslims called the event “allahdad” - god’s justice. However the Mashhadi Jews survive to this day because while they publicly embraced Islam they secretly retained their Jewish faith. They took Islamic names but at home used their original Hebrew names. They observed shabbat in secret. They publicly bought halal slaughtered meat but fed it to the poor & secretly carried out shechita (kosher slaughtering). Arranged marriages while young were common, this way if any Muslims proposed marriage they could say they’re already betrothed.
This continued for almost a century until 1925 when Reza Shah came to power & secularised the country. The Mashhadi Jews were then able to publicly return to Judaism. However a second pogrom in 1946 caused the entire community to relocate to Tehran, Israel, & New York.
Today there is no Jewish community in Mashhad, neither open nor secret. After spending nearly 90 years living double lives to preserve their faith they have a very unique identity among Iranians Jews. Even diaspora communities in Israel & New York have remained insular. Marriages between Mashhadis & non-Mashhadis tend to be rare.
Today also marks the 5th anniversary of the Toulouse shooting, when a French-Algerian man walked into a Jewish school & shot dead 3 Jewish children & one teacher. With anti-semitism on the rise globally it’s important to reflect on the anti-semitism of the past but also on that of today, how it affects Jews today, & what we as individuals & communities can do to protect the Jews in our midst from it. And coming from a middle eastern perspective it’s important to reflect on the rampant anti-semitism in our societies & why most MENA countries have lost the vast majority (or in the case of Libya & Algeria the entirety) of their Jewish communities.