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@atlanta-studies
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I can’t ever figure out how to put these in my bio on mobile so I shall instead settle for pinning this post :)
— Gabrielle Zevin, from The Storied Life of A. J. Fikry
“Art attracts us only by what it reveals of our most secret self.”
— Jean-Luc Godard
balfour books, toronto
“If I’m anything, I’m violence.”
— Alejandra Pizarnik, from Uncollected Poems (1962-1972); “Of Silence”
AFRICAN & BLACK PHILOSOPHY: Getting Started
Hello everyone! As many of us who study philosophy in some form are likely aware, people of color, especially black philosophers, are radically underrepresented in the field (composing only 1.32% of all philosophers in the US). In order to combat such marginalization, and in attempt to help amplify black voices within the field of philosophy, I have complied a series of links & information here for learning more about African/black philosophy, especially within the US. Please feel free to add to this post if you feel that anything is missing, esp if ur a black person!
Overview:
According to Wikipedia.org: “African philosophy is the philosophical discourse produced by indigenous Africans and their descendants, including African Americans. African philosophers may be found in the various academic fields of philosophy, such as metaphysics, epistemology, moral philosophy, and political philosophy. One particular subject that many African philosophers have written about is that on the subject of freedom and what it means to be free or to experience wholeness.”
Articles to start with:
“What African Philosophy Can Teach You About the Good Life.”
“A truly African philosophy.”
“African Philosophy.”
“Descartes was wrong: ‘a person is a person through other persons.’”
“Does Western Philosophy Have Egyptian Roots?”
“What You Should Know About Contemporary African Philosophy.”
“Philosophy in Africa - A Case of Epistemic Injustice in the Academy.”
“The African Enlightenment.”
“The Radical Philosophy of Egypt.”
“The first God.”
“African Philosophy Is More Than You Think It Is.”
And some introductory texts:
Barry Hallen, A Short History of African Philosophy. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press (2009).
Samuel Oluoch Himbo, An Introduction to African Philosophy. Lanham et al.: Rowman and Littlefield (1998).
Dismas Masolo, African Philosophy in Search of Identity. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press (1994).
Kwasi Wiredu, A Companion to African Philosophy. Malden, Oxford, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing (2004). (PDF version linked here.)
Key essays:
“The Struggle for Reason in Africa” by Mogobe Ramose in The African Philosophy Reader eds. P.H. Coestzee & A.P.J. Roux
“Appeal,” David Walker
“What to the Slave is the 4th of July?”, Frederick Douglass
“Ain’t I a Woman?”, Sojourner Truth
“The Black Woman’s role in the Community of Slaves,” Angela Davis
The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. DuBois (first chapter esp.)
“A Problem of Biography in African Thought” & “What Does It Mean to Be a Problem?” by Lewis Gordon in Existentia Africana
“Racism and Feminism,” by bell hooks in the PDF linked here
“Recognizing Racism in the Era of Neoliberalism,” Angela Davis
“Nonviolence and Racial Justice,” Martin Luther King, Jr.
“The Ballot or the Bullet,” Malcolm X
“The Uses of Anger: Women Responding to Racism,” Audre Lorde
“Whiteness as Property,” Cheryl Harris
Important contemporary black philosophers:
Cornel West (political philosophy, philosophy of religion, ethics, race, democracy, liberation theology)
Angela Davis (also a writer and social activist & just a general badass, really worth knowing about regardless of whether or not you have an interest in philosophy)
bell hooks (race, capitalism, sexuality & gender through a postmodern perspective)
Lewis Gordon (Africana philosophy, black existentialism, phenomenology)
Kwame Anthony Appiah (probabilistic semantics, political theory, moral theory, intellectual history, race and identity theory)
Patricia Hill Collins (sociology of knowledge, race, class, gender studies)
John H. McWhorter (linguistics)
George Yancy (Critical philosophy of race, critical whiteness studies, African philosophy, philosophy of the body)
Kwassi Wiredu (African philosophy)
Franz Fanon (20th century Marxism, psychoanalysis, colonialism)
Online podcasts, blogs, & videos:
Podcast on Africana philosophy (the website linked here also contains several useful links and resources for further reading)
Youtube series on African Philosophy
Award-winning blog run by a Nigerian-Finnish woman which “connects feminism with critical reflections on contemporary culture from an Africa-centred perspective.”
Other links & resources:
Journal on African Philosophy
Wikipedia page, which includes a list of African philosophers
History of African Philosophy
Online bibliography on African Philosophy
25 Black Scholars You Should Know
The Collegium of Black Women Philosophers
Maybe check out my other posts too!
30-day Journal Prompt
Tips for Remote Learning from Home
Mini guide to Dalgona Coffee
How to Stay Motivated During Quarantine
Stay Healthy and Active
When studying, it’s super important to take intentional breaks. Make sure to take a break when you need one to avoid burning yourself out, and make sure the breaks you take are actually beneficial to you.
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Keep reading
Languages of the world
Mari (марий йылме)
Basic facts
Number of native speakers: 510,000
Official language: Russia (Mari El)
Language of diaspora: Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Ukraine
Script: Cyrillic, 36 letters
Grammatical cases: 9
Linguistic typology: agglutinative, SOV, vowel harmony
Language family: Uralic
Number of dialects: 4 main groups
History
1775 - first grammar
1930 - proposal to adopt the Latin alphabet
1990s - Mari becomes an official language in Mari El
Writing system and pronunciation
These are the letters that make up the Hill Mari alphabet: а ӓ б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н ҥ о ӧ п р с т у ӱ ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ӹ ь э ю я.
These are the letters that make up the Meadow Mari alphabet: а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н ҥ о ӧ п р с т у ӱ ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я.
These are the letters that make up the Northwestern Mari alphabet: а ӓ б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н ҥ о ӧ ө п р с т у ӱ ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ӹ ь э ю я.
Stress can be found in any syllable of the word. There is both front/back and round/unrounded vowel harmony.
Grammar
Nouns have no gender, two numbers (singular and plural), and nine cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, comitative, comparative, inessive, illative, and lative). Hill Mari also has an abessive case. Despite Mari’s agglutination, there is no separate morpheme to signify plurality.
Possessive suffixes can be placed before or after case suffixes depending on the case the word is in. The plural particle’s position is flexible.
Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood (indicative, imperative, and desiderative), person, and number. There is also a negative verb form.
Dialects
There are four dialect groups: Hill Mari, Northwestern Mari, Meadow Mari, and Eastern Mari. Eastern and Meadown are often united as a Meadow-Eastern supradialect, while Northwestern Mari is transitional between the Hill and Meadow dialects.
Only Hill and Meadow Mari have their own written standard varieties. Dialects differ in phonology and morphology.
collected pictures of the bookshelf
wishbone, richard siken/ take me to church, hozier/ bleeding love, leona lewis
spanish vocab- astrology
-el Acuario- aquarius ex. Acuario es el undécimo signo de zodiáco. -el Aries- aries ex. Aries es el signo del carnero. -la astrología- astrology ex. Ella no cree en la astrología. -el Cáncer- cancer ex. No me gusta los cánceres. -el Capricornio- capricorn ex. Mi signo de luna es Capricornio. -el Géminis- gemini ex. Hay diecisiete estrellas principales en Géminis. -el horóscopo- horoscope ex. El horóscopo de hoy es muy divertido. -el Leo- leo ex. Leo es el quinto singo del zodiáco. -el Libra- libra ex. Soy libra. -el Picis- pisces ex. Picis es un signo de agua. -el Sagitario- sagittarius ex. Mi padre es un sagitario porque nació el cinco de diciembre. -el Escorpio- scorpio ex. Mia está enamorada de una escorpio. -el Tauro- taurus ex. Tauros se llevan bien con virgos. -el Virgo- virgo ex. Virgos son serviciales. -el signo de zodiáco- zodiac sign ex. ¿Cual es tu signo de zodiáco?
bonus phrase! -Mercurio está en retrógrado- mercury is in retrograde ex. Yo solo cometí defraudación fiscal porque Mercurio fue en retrógrado.
ik that no one cares and most of the people who see this won’t be following me, but i really dropped the ball this past week. sorry about that. i’m freaking out a little bit about my sat on sept. 26th. so. yeah. if anyone has tips on how to start studying for the sat essay, i’d really appreciate hearing them. thanks !
A bullet journal page I made tonight. I want to start doing more daily readings with my morning coffee, and I finally found a spread I like. I like the wording of the mindfulness, and how overall positive it is. I’m hoping to do the first one tomorrow!
Things to Consider in a Tarot Reading (Other Than Card Meanings)
It’s important to look at the meanings of tarot cards, but it’s very possible to pull even more out of a reading that individual card meanings. Here’s some other stuff you might consider bringing into your interpretation when it feels right:
🍄The position of the cards. This is why spread design can be so important! I’ve had instances where all the cards, in their positions, had the subjects looking or pointing towards one specific card. It was wild. What did it mean? Maybe nothing, but maybe something very significant, depending on the question!
🍄The visual element of the cards. Sometimes what’s depicted on the card can give more specific insight than the actual book meanings. The pictures were done that way for a reason, so don’t be afraid to give them their own weight! Also, sometimes the spread as a whole will have a flow of design (like when one half is much brighter than the other) or a specific card is WAY more colorful than the other cards on the table. Any of these could potentially carry meaning.
🍄Jumper cards. This is when a card pops out while you’re shuffling! I usually just put them back… UNLESS the question has already been presented, and I’m shuffling with that question in mind. Then, I keep them as extra advice, bonus cards.
🍄Reoccurring numbers. Maybe you do a four card spread for a friend, and you get the four of cups, four of swords, four of wands, and the Emperor! (IV.) What does that mean? What does the number four symbolize? Well, a lot of things, potentially, depending on what you study. Some tarot designs incorporate the Kabbalah’s numbered paths in the tree of life, others go with numerology. Maybe, the number four just means something special to you or the querent in particular.
🍄A bunch of cards in order. I’m not talking about when you forget to shuffle. I’m talking about when you give it a really good shuffle and you still get the ace, two, and three of Pentacles all in a row. This can be seen as a sign of progression, or that the events are all much more closely connected than anticipated. It can also mean it happens over a shorter period of time than normal. It’s up to you, your cards, and the contexts.
🍄Proportions of different features. Maybe you’re doing an obstacle spread, and your obstacle is something like the nine of swords. That’s pretty nasty, but if all the other cards in the spread are Major Arcana, then it’s probably not going to be that difficult to surmount. The reverse can also be true. Additionally, a high number of reversed cards in a spread typically signifies a lot of confusion, conflict, and turmoil.
🍄Reoccurring symbols. Beyond just the four suits, because that’s a given! But maybe your spread shows a lot of cards with images of fire, people dancing, or birds. Do these mean anything to you or the querent? What do they typically symbolize?
🍄Any hiccups or unusual events during the reading. Once I had a querent pick up a card to examine it, drop it, then pick it up and put it back reversed. Since it was the overall outcome card, I interpreted that as a heightened ability to change her own fate in this given situation, since she had turned the card from quite a bad omen to a good one. Sometimes little accidents like dropping cards, accidentally shifting them, or laying out the spread wrong are meant to be there and add to the meaning!
I hope this gives you some ideas! Feel free to add more. What do you interpret alongside the cards in a reading?
“You are allowed to be both a masterpiece and a work in progress, simultaneously.”
— Sophia Bush
🍃latest pages in my grimoire/journal🌿
[the tarot spread featured was created by the amazing @thewitchofthenorseispissed - thank you!]
List of love poems from ‘Love Speaks Its Name: Gay and Lesbian Love Poems’, edited by J. D. McClatchy.