Wow. No. This is impressively wrong.
Things that this post gets entirely right:
Greek mythology is deliberately patriarchal (which should be obvious, because it was written by people living in a patriarchal culture, so of course it reflects their values)
Pandora had another, more positive role
Ancient Greece is given more attention than other, equally deserving cultures
the OP doesnât have sources
Thatâs it. Thatâs literally it. As for the things that this post gets wrong, letâs take it step by step:
1. Pre-Greek matriarchal religion, ânearly all traces of which were systematically erasedâ
This pre-Greek matriarchy is usually identified with the Minoans of Crete, who depicted many women in prominent positions in their art. Unfortunately, as Iâve outlined before, this isnât enough to prove that the Minoans had a matriarchal society and religion. Whatâs more, the Minoan script (Linear A) remains undeciphered to this day. So until the Minoans can tell us about their myths, beliefs, and social hierarchy in their own voices, Iâll be very skeptical about anyone who claims they were definitely matriarchal (or patriarchal, for that matter).
As for their traces being âsystematically erasedâ, I can only laugh. The Minoans (like the Pelasgians, i.e. the pre-Greek people of the Greek mainland) werenât erased. The Mycenaean Greeks eventually took over Crete, but Minoan civilisation continued to exist, and many cultural and religious elements were incorporated into Mycenaean society - including writing. From an article about an early Mycenaean tomb:
The griffin warriorâs grave at Pylos offers a radical new perspective on the relationship between the two societies and thus on Europeâs cultural origins. As in previously discovered shaft graves, the objects themselves are a cross-cultural mix. For instance, the boar tusk helmet is typically Mycenaean, but the gold rings, which are rich with Minoan religious imagery and are on their own a hugely significant find for scholars, says Davis, reflect artifacts previously found on Crete.
(âŚ) This has led Davis and Stocker to favor the idea that the two cultures became entwined at a very early stage. Itâs a conclusion that fits recent suggestions that regime change on Crete around the time the mainland palaces went up, which traditionally corresponds to the decline of Minoan civilization, may not have resulted from the aggressive invasion that historians have assumed. The later period on Knossos might represent something more like âan EU in the Aegean,â says Bennet, of the British School at Athens. Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks would surely have spoken each otherâs languages, may have intermarried and likely adopted and refashioned one anotherâs customs. And they may not have seen themselves with the rigid identities we moderns have tended to impose on them.
TL;DR: The Mycenaeans didnât erase Minoan religion. They liked it, and syncretised it with their own.
The only reason many of these Minoan beliefs vanished was due to the Late Bronze Age collapse, which saw the end of Mycenaean Greece and Minoan-Mycenaean Crete. Many elements of early Greek civilisation were lost, or preserved in fragments thanks to mythology and epic poetry. This collapse was obviously not a systematic erasure, but a widespread destruction of civilisations, caused by foreign invasion, drought and famine, internal revolts, earthquakes, or a combination of the above. Eric Clineâs book 1177 BC: The Year Civilisation Collapsed (2014) is an excellent discussion of the topic.
2. Earlier versions of Greek myths
Any time someone mentions the âpre-patriarchalâ or âoriginalâ version of a myth, be skeptical. Be very skeptical.
The problem with these âoriginalâ myths is that we have little to nothing to base them on. Their reconstruction is a theory - often a modern feminist theory - not a certainty. I should also point out, as @rembrandtswifeâ did, that Lost Goddesses of Ancient Greece is âbasically AU fanfic of the Greek mythology we haveâ. Itâs retellings and speculation, not earlier myths that we can confirm existed.
You know what are earlier myths that we can confirm existed? Mesopotamian and Anatolian myths. These have been extensively studied, and itâs been shown time and time again that they influenced Greek mythology - especially Homer and Hesiod. Martin Westâs The East Face of Helicon (1997) and Mary Bachvarovaâs From Hittite to Homer (2016) are good introductions to the topic. Hereâs a recording I made which shows obvious parallels between the Babylonian Enuma Elish, the Hurrian-Hittite Song of Kumarbi, and Hesiodâs Theogony. Looks pretty different from the modern speculative retellings, doesnât it?
This isnât to say that there werenât earlier myths in which women had different, more influential and positive roles. Pandora does in fact fit into this category: her names (Pandora, âall-givingâ, and Anesidora, âsending up giftsâ), as well as ancient sources (scholia on Aristophanesâ Birds being one example), attest to her originally being an earth deity. Hesiod is well-known for his misogyny, so him transforming her into a mortal woman and giving her a negative role makes sense. However, I would advise against applying this theory more broadly, and taking it as proof that there was a widespread revamping of female deities to make them fit patriarchal ideals. I would especially advise against taking any of this as confirmed fact, when the âoriginalâ myths themselves are lost.
3. The Gods as archetypes
I am personally very against interpreting the Gods as archetypes (i.e. Artemis as madonna, Aphrodite as whore, etc). There are far, far more aspects to them than these, and reducing them to single-word descriptions erases the complex reality of Greek mythology (and religion, while weâre at it).
Whatâs more, these archetypal interpretations are incredibly modern and donât reflect Ancient Greek perceptions. The idea that Athena is âdeliberately stripped of her femininityâ because she is not born from a woman, for one, sounds very much like late 20th century radical feminism. (Iâd also love to know if Typhon, who was born from Hera alone (see the Homeric Hymn to Apollon), was âstripped of his masculinityâ for the same reason.) But more broadly, these Jungian-like archetypes correspond perfectly to 19th century views, which liked to fit the Gods into neat categories. Most notoriously, Apollon, who represented order and enlightenment, was opposed to Dionysos, who represented chaos and madness. Thanks Nietzsche.
Iâve said this before, but to interpret Greek mythology, we need to look for Greek sources. Not the theories of a 19th century philosopher. Not the speculation of a 20th century feminist. If the Gods were viewed as complex figures in Ancient Greece, then we need to study them as complex figures. Simple as that.
4. Why we are taught Greek mythology, aka âthe reason the modern West is so obsessed with Greek mythology specifically is that it aligns so closely with our own patriarchal valuesâ
Actually, no. If you think Greek mythology aligns closely with our own values, then youâve been reading retellings and Mythology 101 books, not the original texts. (Or, alternatively, youâre very confused about what modern societyâs values are.) Here is an abridged list of gender-related values from Ancient Greece that we donât share:
female identity is tied to weaving
rape can only happen in the countryside or in deserted places
men who cry openly are still manly
marriage is between a 15-year-old girl and a 30-year-old man
funerals are womenâs business
itâs okay to have gay sex if youâre a top
wearing boots and being a shopkeeper is unmanly
The more you study Ancient Greece and read the texts themselves (preferably in the original language, so as to avoid as much modern bias as possible), the more you realise how different the Ancient Greeks were from us. This is a foreign culture with foreign values. Yes, a lot of it is familiar, too - much of European civilisation has its roots in Ancient Greece, hence why it aligns with a certain number of our values. But claiming that the ideas promoted in Greek mythology are virtually identical to our own is doing a disservice to the rich, unique culture that was Ancient Greece.
So why do we focus on it so much, as opposed to other cultures? Unfortunately, this is because of how history played out. Ancient Greece highly influenced Rome, which went on to conquer most of Europe; many countries went on to claim it as their ancestor, from the Ottoman Empire to the Napoleonic Empire to Nazi Germany. Meanwhile, other cultures which had influenced Ancient Greece itself (and therefore modern Western culture) disappeared: the Hittites of Anatolia had been virtually forgotten since the Late Bronze Age, Mesopotamia was on its way out by the first century AD, and Ancient Egypt by the beginning of the Middle Ages.
As a result, a lot of emphasis is put on Ancient Greek (and Roman) culture when in reality, we donât owe much more to it than to the Sumerians. I absolutely think that we should study other cultures more. I also absolutely think that the fact we donât has nothing to with patriarchal values.
5. Sources, aka âI donât have sources because I learned this in a college class like 3 years agoâ
Okay, so I have nothing against people taking electives in college and posting about what they learnt. By all means, do so. But it becomes a problem when people start reblogging without fact-checking or thinking twice about information that is presented without sources, by someone with very little experience in the field, and lathered in rhetoric.
Speaking of rhetoric, other people have pointed it out in the comments, but the person who shared the Lost Goddesses of Ancient Greece book is a TERF. This obviously doesnât mean OP is a TERF as well (I had a look through their blog and they seem not to be), but you may want to think about what ideas the LGoAG person is encouraging here, as well as what could appeal to a TERF in this post, and consider whether thatâs something you want to align yourself with.
TL;DR: Donât believe something just because it appeals to you. Check out my Laypersonâs Guide to Online Research for more details on how to fact-check.
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