frantumaglia @elena-lila - Tumblr Blog

If you get follows & likes from “elena--lila” that’s my “main blog” according to tumblr. But this is my real main blog!!

buhaybabae

My blog is a private thing that is open to everyone in the world except to the people I know in real life.

acapellas

the evil (messi) is defeated and men’s sports ceases to exist to me now 😌

steelydanyaoi

spin🌪 just won the Whirl Cup

fuckyeahchinesefashion

OP: Why couldn’t traditional Chinese Yinpiao银票/silver drafts be forged if they were merely slips of paper? (cr大明宝钞，渐越)

Traditional Chinese yinpiao/silver drafts were paper vouchers issued by private banks starting from the Song Dynasty(960–1279). People could exchange these slips for physical silver at bank branches across the country.

Silver drafts were made in multiple copies with matching serrated seal edges. One copy went to the customer and others stayed at the bank. All edges had to fit perfectly together to withdraw silver. The unique split edge marks were almost impossible to copy.

This mechanism is known as qifeng骑缝 (split-joint seal) in China. It first originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BC). The Rites of Zhou records that contracts were written on bamboo or wooden slips in duplicate. Notches and marks were carved in the middle before splitting the slips, with each party keeping one half. The two halves would be matched by their notches for verification.

During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770–221 BC), this idea evolved into hufu虎符/tiger tally tokens. A military tally was split into two pieces with identical inscriptions carved along the split edge. Troops could only be deployed if the patterns and characters on both halves perfectly aligned, serving as a metal version of the split-joint anti-counterfeiting system.

The technology matured in the Tang Dynasty (618–907). Government documents and private contracts commonly used split-joint seals stamped across the dividing line. The Chinese character "hetong合同" (contract) was written across the middle before the paper was torn apart, so the complete characters would only appear when the two halves were put together. This split-coupon system was later adopted for Song Dynasty (960–1279) jiaozi paper money and yinpiao/silver drafts of the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1912).

Official Song dynasty paper money (Jiaozi交子) was abolished in 1107. Private silver drafts issued by Qing-era piaohao票行 (ancient exchange banks) vanished completely in 1951, hit hard by modern banks and currency reforms. Nowadays silver drafts no longer circulate as currency. Their collectible value depends on their rarity and physical condition.

Split-joint seals (骑缝章qifengzhang)are still widely used on important paper documents in modern China, an anti-tampering technique passed down from ancient times. They are applied across the edge of multi-page contracts, bidding documents and official archives. If any page is removed or replaced, the broken seal pattern can prove the file has been altered.

ariaste

OMG I got so excited about this because they used a really similar (though far less refined) version of this for contracts in the European medieval period!

First they were called "chirographs", but later the word "indenture" (in its earliest meaning as just a legal document of any kind between two people) came to be used, originating from the practice of a contract being written twice on a single piece of parchment and then cut in half with serrated edges (as in dent, "teeth" -> indents -> indenture) in order for each party to take one half, so they could later piece them together and verify that there had been no forgery -- same as the Chinese silver drafts!

(Charter of the Clerecía de Ledesma, 1252, showing the serrated indents at the top -- presumably they are cutting rather than tearing because they're using parchment, which I expect is much harder to tear than wood-pulp paper like the Chinese were using)

Delights me when human beings find similar ways to solve the same problem at two different ends of the world. <3

thebaconsandwichofregret

Yes! I was thinking about how like indenture this process is! I actually work somewhere where indenture is still used (although only for ceremonial purposes these days rather than legal ones)

soulmvtes

today i am spanish! 🇪🇸🇪🇸🇪🇸

miamaimania

Shinjuku Skyline ~ Shinjuku, Japan (1980) ◷ towers at dusk

bintro

remember real football is back next year

It's always one sport or another

regging

eating disorders and abortions are two things that are like, spoken about in most mainstream discourse as though they are pretty rare and aberrant, but then when you’re actually friends with a lot of women you come to find out that they are extremely extremely common and kind of banal & mundane

suddenly everyone is onto superfirm tofu and it's out of stock EVERYWHERE

#scream

loveridden1999

when england lose, women bruise

no-passaran

The same has been reported in Latin America (source, source):

In Brazil, the Brazilian Forum of Public Safety between 2015 and 2018 showed that domestic gender-based violence rises 23.7% on the days the League is played. Reports for injuries rise 25.9% when clubs play in their own city, and 30% when the national Brazil team is playing.

In Colombia, the cases of domestic gender-based violence rose by between 38% and 25% when the national team played in both the 2014 Brazil World Cup and the 2018 in Russia. The cases rose by 50% during the 2015 America Cup.

In Mexico, there's a common phrase that says "if my team loses, my family loses" (si pierde mi equipo, pierde mi familia) precisely as a reference to how violence against women and children is normalized when the husband/father is in a bad mood.

I'm sure it's not unique to these countries, they've just been the ones who have bothered to register it and make it public.