The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, 1616, Guido Reni
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The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, 1616, Guido Reni
Medium: oil,canvas
The decline of the West
[..] Western populations are in decline, by which we mean that they are changing in a number of significant ways that are reasonably considered to be undesirable. Although this deterioration is manifest most clearly at the sociocultural level, we argue that its ultimate basis is in human biological evolution. Modern Western people have been losing a number of important traits, including intelligence and what might be called “existential vigor,” understood as an individual’s robust psychological commitment to his culture-bound way of life. This is apparent across a host of indicators of mental and physical health, intellectual productivity and ability, social cohesion, and perceived meaning in life. As they seem to comprise the foundation of advanced civilizations, the loss of these traits may prove catastrophic in the long run.
Indications of societal degradation: - profane and narcissistic culture (secularization and rejection of all forms of transcendence, especially those encouraging sacrifice for anything other than individual hedonistic gain) - ideological/sub-cultural fragmentation (political strife; opposition to widely shared standards of behavior) - deepening of social isolation (declines in family formation alongside high rates of family dissolution; solitary living; preference for short- over long-term relationships)
We contend that the highest form of civilization is a complex, adaptive response to harsh and rare ecological and environmental challenges. When non- and anti-civilizational traits and corresponding behaviors are biologically permitted, that is, not selected against or even selected for, civilization is, in an important sense, no longer adaptive, and thus its basis starts to erode. It is cruelly ironic that since industrialization, civilized life has undermined itself by altering selection pressures such that they promote this outcome.
-- “Modernity and Cultural Decline”, Matthew Alexandar Sarraf, Michael Anthony Woodley of Menie and Colin Feltham
Architectural details of Reims Cathedral, a masterpiece of the gothic art, France (by Simon Greig).
On Feminism in the Age of Consumption
This situation today is far removed from Virigina Woolf’s plea for a “room of [her] own,” in that it is not about having freedom from patriarchal control in society, it is about having the freedom and power to acquire the goods that one wants in service of projecting an independent image and lifestyle.
[..]
Indeed, in the spirit of ensuring feminism’s relevance to a new generation of women, third wave feminists have argued that contemporary feminism is about “judgment free pleasure.” [..] Contemporary marketers and advertisers are well aware of the trend conflating women’s independence and consumerism, and capitalize on it. A recent study conducted by Boston Consulting Group focuses exclusively on “what women want,” in an effort to redirect advertising so that it is most appealing to today’s contemporary American woman. [..] This renewed interest in marketing to women coincides with the rise of discourses that links women’s independence to consumption.
[..]
The conflation of women’s independence and consumerism raises important questions about the shifting nature of feminism and feminist identities. The implications for this changing terrain of feminism are exhibited in many third wave feminists’ embrace of consumerism as both a choice and a source of women’s empowerment. This is a fundamental problem for feminism, since consumerism, as the cultural logic of capitalism, is the ideological and practical means to reproducing hegemonic domination of the exploitative and oppressive system global capitalism.
https://csrn.camden.rutgers.edu/newsletters/11-1/cole_crossley.htm
Questioning Pictures | Stefano Graziani
Pantheon, Roma, 2016
On leftist psychology I
Almost everyone will agree that we live in a deeply troubled society. One of the most widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world is leftism, so a discussion of the psychology of leftism can serve as an introduction to the discussion of the problems of modern society in general.
[..] we have in mind mainly socialists, collectivists, “politically correct” types, feminists, gay and disability activists, animal rights activists and the like. But not everyone who is associated with one of these movements is a leftist. What we are trying to get at in discussing leftism is not so much movement or an ideology as a psychological type, or rather a collection of related types.
The two psychological tendencies that underlie modern leftism we call “feelings of inferiority” and “oversocialization”.
By “feelings of inferiority” we mean not only inferiority feelings in the strict sense but a whole spectrum of related traits; low self-esteem, feelings of powerlessness, depressive tendencies, defeatism, guilt, self-hatred, etc.
[..] Many leftists have an intense identification with the problems of groups that have an image of being weak (women), defeated (American Indians), repellent (homosexuals) or otherwise inferior. The leftists themselves feel that these groups are inferior. They would never admit to themselves that they have such feelings, but it is precisely because they do see these groups as inferior that they identify with their problems. (We do not mean to suggest that women, Indians, etc. ARE inferior; we are only making a point about leftist psychology.)
[..] Leftists tend to hate anything that has an image of being strong, good and successful. They hate America, they hate Western civilization, they hate white males, they hate rationality. The reasons that leftists give for hating the West, etc. clearly do not correspond with their real motives. They SAY they hate the West because it is warlike, imperialistic, sexist, ethnocentric and so forth, but where these same faults appear in socialist countries or in primitive cultures, the leftist finds excuses for them, or at best he GRUDGINGLY admits that they exist; whereas he ENTHUSIASTICALLY points out (and often greatly exaggerates) these faults where they appear in Western civilization. Thus it is clear that these faults are not the leftist’s real motive for hating America and the West. He hates America and the West because they are strong and successful.
[..] Words like “self-confidence”, “self-reliance”, “initiative”, “enterprise”, “optimism”, etc., play little role in the liberal and leftist vocabulary. The leftist is antiindividualistic, pro-collectivist. He wants society to solve every one’s problems for them, satisfy everyone’s needs for them, take care of them. He is not the sort of person who has an inner sense of confidence in his ability to solve his own problems and satisfy his own needs. The leftist is antagohistic to the concept of competition because, deep inside, he feels like a loser.
[..] Art forms that appeal to modern leftish intellectuals tend to focus on sordidness, defeat and despair, or else they take an orgiastic tone, throwing off rational control as if there were no hope of accomplishing anything through rational calculation and all that was left was to immerse oneself in the sensations of the moment.
[..] Leftists may claim that their activism is motivated by compassion or by moral principles, and moral principle does play a role for the leftist of the oversocialized type. But compassion and moral principle cannot be the main motives for leftist activism. Hostility is too prominent a component of leftist behavior; so is the drive for power. Moreover, much leftist behavior is not rationally calculated to be of benefit to the people whom the leftists claim to be trying to help. For example, if one believes that affirmative action is good for black people, does it make sense to demand affirmative action in hostile or dogmatic terms? Obviously it would be more productive to take a diplomatic and conciliatory approach that would make at least verbal and symbolic concessions to white people who think that affirmative action discriminates against them. But leftist activists do not take such an approach because it would not satisfy their emotional needs. Helping black people is not their real goal. Instead, race problems serve as an excuse for them to express their own hostility and frustrated need for power. In doing so they actually harm black people, because the activists’ hostile attitude toward the white majority tends to intensify race hatred.
--Industrial Society and Its Future, Theodore Kaczynski, 1995
Nun, Mount Olives, 1973. Ted Spiegel. Chromogenic print.
Pechorin is the embodiment of the Byronic hero. Byron’s works were of international repute and Lermontov mentions his name several times throughout the novel. According to the Byronic tradition, Pechorin is a character of contradiction. He is both sensitive and cynical. He is possessed of extreme arrogance, yet has a deep insight into his own character and epitomizes the melancholy of the romantic hero who broods on the futility of existence and the certainty of death. Pechorin’s whole philosophy concerning existence is oriented towards the nihilistic, creating in him somewhat of a distanced, alienated personality.* The name Pechorin is drawn from that of the Pechora River, in the far north, as a homage to Aleksandr Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin, named after the Onega River. [..] Pechorin described his own personality as self-destructive, admitting he himself doesn’t understand his purpose in the world of men. His boredom with life, feeling of emptiness, forces him to indulge in all possible pleasures and experiences, which soon, cause the downfall of those closest to him. He starts to realize this with Vera and Grushnitsky, while the tragedy with Bela soon leads to his complete emotional collapse. His crushed spirit after this and after the duel with Grushnitsky can be interpreted that he is not the detached character that he makes himself out to be. Rather, it shows that he suffers from his actions. Yet many of his actions are described both by himself and appear to the reader to be arbitrary. Yet this is strange as Pechorin’s intelligence is very high (typical of a Byronic hero). Pechorin’s explanation as to why his actions are arbitrary can be found in the last chapter where he speculates about fate. He sees his arbitrary behaviour not as being a subconscious reflex to past moments in his life but rather as fate. Pechorin grows dissatisfied with his life as each of his arbitrary actions lead him through more emotional suffering which he represses from the view of others.
— Wiki about Lermontov’s Hero
The Temple of Apollo in old Corinth, Greece, circa 1955, courtesy of the Library of Congress.
The superfluous man (Russian: лишний человек, lishniy chelovek) is an 1840s and 1850s Russian literary concept derived from the Byronic hero. It refers to an individual, perhaps talented and capable, who does not fit into social norms. In most cases, this person is born into wealth and privilege. Typical characteristics are disregard for social values, cynicism, and existential boredom; typical behaviors are gambling, romantic intrigues, and duels. He is often unempathetic and carelessly distresses others with his actions.
This term was popularized by Ivan Turgenev's novella The Diary of a Superfluous Man (1850) and was thereafter applied to characters from earlier novels. The character type originates in Alexander Pushkin's verse-novel Eugene Onegin. Mikhail Lermontov's A Hero of Our Time depicts another Superfluous Man – Pechorin – as its protagonist. He can be seen as a nihilist and fatalist. Later examples include Ivan Turgenev's Rudin (1856), Alexander Herzen's Beltov, and the titular character of Ivan Goncharov's Oblomov (1859).
Russian critics such as Vissarion Belinsky viewed the superfluous man as a by-product of Nicholas I's reactionary reign, when the best educated men would not enter the discredited government service and, lacking other options for self-realization, doomed themselves to live out their life in passivity. Scholar David Patterson describes the superfluous man as "not just...another literary type but...a paradigm of a person who has lost a point, a place, a presence in life" before concluding that "the superfluous man is a homeless man".