Endogenic versus traumagenic? When should you consider trauma?
We never want to encourage people who have no reason to believe they have trauma to go down wildly speculative roads in order to disprove a negative (ie: the absence of trauma). That said, we worry that the DID/OSDD-1 communities and the non-trauma multiple communities are so separate that many people might accept non-traumatized multiple identities without exploring possible warning signs of trauma. If this doesn’t actually happen and it’s just our vain worry, then that’s great. In case it happens, here’s our post.
The most commonly accepted and most widely known explanation for multiplicity is that you (or perhaps others in your system) went through trauma. The concept of endogenic multiplicity is somewhat new in popular conception, and unfortunately psychology does not seem to have had a real look at it yet. Psychology’s lack of awareness does not make endogenic multiplicity invalid, but it does suggest that we presently do not have any stable, set-in-stone criteria for distinguishing DID/OSDD-1 from endogenic multiplicity. This is especially true if you consider that some self-identified endogenic multiple systems have members who have been through trauma (but see the trauma as unrelated to their multiplicity), and some DID/OSDD-1 systems believe the true source of their multiplicity came before the trauma or is somehow separate from it.
There are some situations where people have thought through their conditions and concluded that they fit neatly into the traumagenic or endogenic category. While this opinion is controversial among DID/OSDD-1 people, we believe it is possible for multiplicity to exist without trauma. That said, we imagine the multiplicity would look quite different from DID or OSDD-1. Many people we’ve met have experienced things that psychiatry does not quite account for, and they believe these experiences (and not physical or emotional trauma from this life and plane of existence) produced their multiplicity. Some say they co-incarnated with other spirits or are hosting walk-ins from other worlds. Others describe experiencing past-life trauma that split them on the level of the soul. We’ve also encountered people who believed that their multiplicity was a hard-wired neurodivergence rather than a developmental condition.
We don’t have any particular problem with non-traumatized people saying they’re multiple. However, we get worried when we see people claiming to be 100% trauma-free while showing symptoms and behaviors like:
Black-out level dissociation.
Difficulty communicating with alters that is significantly more intense than the struggle you had to get along with a fussy roommate in college.
Serious walls or barriers preventing fluid communication between system members.
Trigger responses to topics like sex, sexual abuse, genitals, members of a specific gender, certain relatives, child abuse, or other subjects that are commonly triggering to survivors of abuse.
System members who seem like they stopped growing/aging/developing at a certain point in the body’s life.
The presence of alters who deliberately emotionally, physically, or sexually harm other alters as if it is their job to stifle your progress and make your lives difficult.
Not every DID/OSDD-1 system will have these signs, but I sadly have seen many of these in certain endogenic systems I’ve encountered. If you are experiencing these things, the following are not conclusive proof that there’s no trauma:
“Between the five of us, none of us remember any abuse.” Basically the whole point of disorders like DID and OSDD-1 is concealing trauma. If you are sure there are exactly five people in your system and there is no one who suspects or remembers any trauma, then it might be reasonable to conclude that there isn’t/wasn’t any. However, there are a couple things to double-check for before you conclude that. First off, are you absolutely sure that you five are the only ones? If not, make sure you haven’t been neglecting any dark/foreboding/unpleasant parts of the system where members may have different stories than the ones you five know. Second, are you sure that members of your system cannot disconnect from certain unpleasant emotions, memories, or experiences without fully switching? Sometimes individual alters will split or simply lose touch with memories, feelings, and emotions in response to trauma. This can leave five separate people who are each convinced there is no trauma even though they all went through trauma.
“Sure, we were pretty unhappy as young kids, but nothing we experienced was ‘bad enough’ to count as abuse.” A lot of systems who say this eventually reveal that they were seriously emotionally abused, that they were neglected as young children (but not sexually abused), that they experienced sexual abuse they consider “less serious” than experiences they’ve read about on survivor blogs, that their parents hit them in a “normal” way, or that they went through something else shocking and personally violating like terrifying and painful medical procedures as young children, losing loved ones at a young age, etc. ISST-D says that DID can come from physical, sexual, or other trauma inflicted in childhood. This leaves a wide range of possibility for what could “count” as “enough” trauma.
“Our parents were good people.” Having good parents does not guarantee that you were not traumatized. Were you ever alone with people (of any age) who were not your parents? It is also important to realize that many dissociative systems have members who idealize their parents and other caregivers after dissociating from trauma. It’s not necessary to investigate your parents if you all feel there is no evidence that they physically, emotionally, or sexually abused you (and this includes times when it “wasn’t that bad” or “was normal” or when they claimed it was somehow your fault). It is, however, a good idea to make sure that you are safe.
“My therapist/dad/friend/cousin/psych professor/etc told me I seem normal.” This was one of our reasons for doubting there was early childhood trauma. It’s pretty common for everyone to think they’re an expert when it comes to other people’s trauma and health in general. However, even a therapist cannot know you better than you know yourself. If you are showing signs of trauma, it may be worth exploring those regardless of what this person thinks or thought.
We think it’s fully possible for multiplicity to be endogenic. However, we also know it’s possible for people to doubt or deny or even lose all awareness of their own trauma even while they are visibly switching or obviously getting triggered/otherwise being affected by trauma. Don’t let others tell you who to be or what to believe about your past, but also don’t discount the possibility of trauma if there are signs that it’s there.