Some sixteenth and seventeenth century mentions of the Irish hobby that I have come across over the years.
John Major, 1520, Historia Majoris Britanniae (p. 38):
Equos quos Haubinos vocant, ſuaviſſime incedentes, gignit. Aſturcones antiquitus vocabantur, eo quod ex Aſturibus Hiſpaniæ venirent. Illos equos de Hiſpania ſecum attulerunt. Hos equos Haubinos ſeu Hobinos de Anglia Galli vocant, eo quod ab Anglis in Galliam veniunt.
Being lazy and using A. Constable's 1892 translation:
The island produces a kind of horses which the natives call Haubini, whose pace is of the gentlest. They were called Asturcones in ancient times, because they came from Asturia in Spain, and indeed the Spanish colonists brought those horses along with them. The French call these same horses English Haubini or Hobini, because they get them by way of England.
Cf. Stanyhurst (below) on Asturcones.
Thomas Blundeville, 1561, The fower chiefyst offices belongyng to horsemanshippe (p. 11):
THe Iryshe Hobby is a pretye fyne horse, hauinge a good head, and a body indeferently wel proporcioned, sauing that many of them be slender & pin bottocked, they be tender mouthed, nimble, light, plea∣saunt, & apte to be taught, and for the most part thei be amblers, & therfore very mete for the saddle, & to trauel by the way, yea and the Iryshe men both with dartes & with lyght speares, do vse to skyrmishe with them in the fielde. And many of them do proue to that vse very well, by meanes they be so lyght and swyfte, notwythstanding I take theym to be very neashe and tender to keepe, and also to be somewhat skyttishe and fearefull, partlye parhaps by nature, and partlie for lacke of good breakinge at the first.
Stanyhurst (below) mentions different types of Irish horses, namely nags or hackneys, used for travelling, horses of service, or chief horses, which are gallopers used for skirmishes, and the hobby, smaller than the horse of service, a good traveller, an ambler and a runner. His information contradicts that of Blundeville, with regards to which horses are used in battle. He also specifies, in contrast to Major, that the horses of service are the Asturcones, not the hobbies.
Richard Stanyhurst, 1587, 'Description of Ireland' in Holinshed's Chronicles, p. 20:
The horsses are of pase easie, in running woonderfull swift, in gallop both false and full indifferent. The nag or the hackeneie is verie good for trauelling, albeit others report the contrarie. And if he be broken accordinglie, you shall haue a little tit that will trauell a whole daie without anie bait. Their horsses of seruice are called chiefe horsses, being well broken they are of an excellent courage. They reine passinglie, and champe vpon their bridels brauelie, commonlie they amble not but gallop and run. And these horsses are but for skirmishes, not for trauelling, for their stomachs are such, as they disdaine to be hacknied. Thereof the report grew, that the Irish hobbie will not hold out in trauelling. You shall haue of the third sort a bastard or mongrell hobbie, néere as tall as the horsse of seruice, strong in trauelling, easie in ambling, and verie swift in running. Of the horsse of seruice they make great store, as wherin at times of need they repose a great péece of safetie. This brood Volaterane writeth to haue come from Austurea, the countrie of Hispaine, betwéene Gallicia and Portugall, whereof they were named Asturcones, a name now properlie applied to the Hispanish genet.
Volaterane is Raffaele Maffei, whose description of the Asturian horse in his Geographia quotes both Pliny's Historia Naturalis 8.166 (or 8.67, depending on how you like to organise your Pliny) and Silius Italicus' Punica 3.332-7. Pliny says:
in eadem Hispania Gallaica gens est et Asturica; equini generis hi sunt quos tieldones vocamus; minore forma appellatos asturcones gignunt, quibus non vulgaris in cursu gradus, sed mollis alterno crurum explicatu glomeratio, unde equis tolutim carpere incursum traditur arte.
The Bostock and Riley 1855 translation, from good old Perseus:
Gallicia and Asturia are also countries of Spain; they produce a species of horse known to us as thieldones, and when smaller, asturcones; they have a peculiar and not common pace of their own, which is very easy, and arises from the two legs of the same side being moved together; it is by studying the nature of this step that our horses have been taught the movement which we call ambling.
The phrase about the gait - mollis alterno crurum explicatu glomeratio - is a little tricky to translate, "a gentle gathering of the limbs by alternate extension", and tolutim is given as "on a trot, full trot" in Lewis & Short, neither of which are a clear-cut reference to gaiting. (Also, a quick look through the Packard Humanities Institute texts on Diogenes suggests that glomeratio is a hapax in our surviving texts.) However, the modern Asturcón pony of Asturies is gaited, and is believed to descend from the horses mentioned by Roman authors. See further Camden (and Holland's translation) below.
While on the tangent about Asturian horses, Martial has a nice little epigram on them (14.199):
Hic brevis ad numeros rapidum qui colligit unguem,
Venit ab auriferis gentibus Astur equus.
This little Asturian horse that picks up its fleet hooves in rhythm came from gold-bearing peoples.
Which sounds a bit like a paso fino, with the emphasis on rapidity, but there is no way of knowing.
Silius Italicus describes the Asturian horses in Punica as not jostling their riders (3.335ff.):
his paruus sonipes nec Marti natus, at idem
aut inconcusso glomerat uestigia dorso,
aut molli pacata celer rapit esseda collo.
A. S. Kline's translation:
Asturian
horses are small, not notable in battle, yet pick up speed
without rattling their rider about, or with docile manner
draw a carriage quickly in peacetime.
The emphasis on the smoothness of their paces is certainly more typical of a gaited horse than of a horse that trots.
I don't know whether Major and Stanyhurst link the hobby to the Asturian horse because there was a genuine Irish tradition that the horses came from there, or whether they ran with the idea that the Irish horses must descend from the Asturian horses mentioned in antiquity on the grounds that both of them ambled. I have certainly seen hippological texts from around this period which catalogued breeds of horses according to Greek and Roman writers, rather than describing the horses of their time.
The internet says - though I have found no reliable sources on this - that due to the belief that horses from Asturia were used to create the Irish hobby, efforts are being made to recreate the hobby using Asturcóns. Given that the Asturcón is itself endangered, I am not sure that the internet is correct.
For what it is worth, while Radovic et al. 2024 did not include Asturcón ponies in their Y chromosome samples, the Kerry Bog ponies and the Connemaras clustered under sub-haplogroup Ad_b, while the Iberian breeds belonged to the Ao and Hs sub-haplogroups. Luís et al. 2007 also had no Asturcón ponies, but they did find that the Garrano ponies they sampled clustered with Connemaras, so there is some shared ancestry between Portuguese and Irish pony breeds.
Thomas Carve, 1666, Lyra sive Anacephalaeosis Hibernica, 2nd edition (p. 43):
Sunt etiam in hâc Inſulâ præſtantiſſimi equi adeò ut Munſterus, l. 2. Coſmograph. indeſcript. Hibern, aſſerat, gignit Hibernia multos equos, qui gnaviter incedunt, ſtudentque velut data opera mollem facere greſſum, ne inſidenti moleſtiam ullam inferant: Et Jovius, equi tota Hibernia incorruptá ſobole gignunt, mollissimo inceſſu Hobinos Angli vocant, & ob id à delicatis expetuntur, ac in Galliâ, Italiâque nobilioribus fœminis dono dantur. Ex hoc genere duodecim candoris eximÿ purpurâ, & argenteis habenis exornatos in Pompam ſummorum Pontificum ſeſſore vacuos duci vidimus.
There are in this island most excellent horses indeed as Munsterus, l. 2. Cosmograph. indescript. Hibern, claims: Ireland produces many horses, which go along carefully, and take pains, as if given the task, to step softly, lest they bring any trouble to their riders: And Jovius, in all Ireland horses are produced of a pure race, with the softest pace, which the English call Hobini, and on account of this they are sought by the pampered, and in France and Italy they are given to noble women as gifts. We have seen twelve white horses of this race, distinguished in purple and adorned with silver reins, led in the Pope's procession with empty saddles.
Munsterus is Sebastian Münster, whose Cosmographia was first published in 1544; the earliest Latin translation was published in 1550. In the German text, he says something like:
Es bringt Hibernia vil pferd die gar ſenfft ghan un ſich darzů flißen daß ſie nit hert ghan und dem rütter nit überleſtig ſihed.
My German is not strong enough to be certain of every word there, especially given the age of the text and the differences in spelling between it and modern German, e.g. vil > viel, ſenfft > sanft, ghan > gehen.
Jovius is Paolo Giovio; I have not located the work Carve is quoting.
Gervase Markham, 1607, Cavelarice (pp. 9f., pp. 16f.):
Againe, for swiftnesse, what Nation hath brought foorth that Horse which hath exceeded the English? for proofe whereof wee haue this example: when the best Barbaries that euer were in my remembrance were in their prime, I sawe them ouer-runne by a blacke Hobbie at Salisburie of maister Carltons, and yet that Hobby was more ouer runne by a horse of maister Blackstones called Valentine, which Valentine neither in hunting nor running, was euer equalled, yet was a plaine bredde English Horse both by Syre and Damme ...
Next and last, I place the Irish Hobbie, which is a horse of a reasonable good shape, hauing a fine head, a strong necke, and a well cast bodie; they haue quicke eyes, good limbs, and tollerable buttocks: of all horses they are the surest of foote, and nimblest in daungerous passages, they are of liuely courage, & very tough in trauell, onely they are much subiect to affrights and boggards. They will hardly in any seruice ioyne with their enemies, the reason I imagine to bee these: first, they are for the moste part bredde in wilde races, and haue neyther communitie or fellowshippe with any man till they come to the Saddle, which many times is not till they come to seauen, eight, nine, or ten yeares olde, at what time the countrie rysing, doe forciblie driue the whole studd, both Horses, Mares, Colts, and Fyllies into some bogge, where being layde fast, they halter such as they please to take, and let the rest goe.
This wilde bringing vp, and this rude manner of handling, doth in my conceite ingender this fearefulnesse in the Beast, which those ruder people know not how to amend. This Horse though he trot very wel, yet he naturallie desireth to amble: and thus much I thinke sufficient, touching these seuerall kindes of Horses, and their generations.
William Camden, 1607, Britannia:
Equi item optimi (hobies vocamus), quibus non idem qui in caeteris in cursu gradus, sed mollis alterno crurum explicatu glomeratio.
Philemon Holland's translation of Camden:
They have likewise excellent good horses (we terme them Hobies) which have not the same pace that other horses in their course, but a soft and round amble seting one legge before another very finely.
Note that Camden has lifted in cursu gradus, sed mollis alterno crurum explicatu glomeratio directly from Pliny, but applies it to the Hobby, rather than to the Asturian horse of the original text. Holland uses 'amble' in his translation, which is consistent with Stanyhurst and Markham's description of the Hobby as an ambler.
The fact that they were amblers, i.e. gaited horses, is interesting, as gaited horses are often considered to have weaker canters and gallops, though when gaiting they cover a good deal of ground at high speed. Gaited horses, however, were prized for being a smoother ride than trotting horses; see the tangent on the Asturian horse above.
Lady Wentworth, who should be treated with caution due to her bias towards the Arab horse and her liberality with the truth when it suited her interests, mentions in The Book of the Horse (1949, ed. Brian Vesey-Fitzgerald, p. 131), that "There is a description of a race between pacers, A.D. 1170 , outside London. The races of these noble horses were not run at a gallop but by the fore and hind feet moving in pairs together." Unfortunately, she does not care to share with us where she found this description. However, it is evidence of a sort that gaited horses were historically raced.
I do wonder to what extent the Hobby was a landrace and to what extent it was a type associated with a particular function - was it, in effect, an Irish term similar to palfrey, courser or rouncey? Stanyhurst's division of Irish horses into nags and hackneys, chief horses and mongrel hobbies certainly looks to be drawn up according to function, with the added details that the chief horses do not amble, but hobbies do (and that the chief horses do not hold up to being ridden on journeys). The softness of their paces and Jovius' statement that they are gifted to noblewomen are attributes associated with palfreys.
Barbour places hobbies in battle in his 1375 poem The Brus 14.63-70 (the invasion of Ireland by Edward, younger brother of Robert the Bruce):
Thar mycht men se a gret melle
For Erll Thomas and his menyhe
Dang on thair fais sa douchtely,
That in schort tym men mycht se ly
Ane hundreth that all bludy war.
For hobynis, that war stekit thar,
Rerit, and flang, and gret rowme maid,
And kest thame that apon thame raid.
The term hobelar also indicates that in the Middle Ages, hobbies were war horses. The earliest surviving citation of hobelar is from 1296, according to Morris 1914:80, possibly from the Exchequer Accounts: two hundred and sixty hobelars accompanied Sir John Wogan as part of a force attacking south-west Scotland. Jones 2018 also discusses the hobelars and their horses, and points out that Ayton 1994 pp. 63f. has observed that most horses taken on campaign were not destriers, but coursers and rounceys. Given their use both in battle and on journeys, as well as their speed, I am leaning towards hobbies not being a landrace as such, but the Irish equivalent of a courser or rouncey. See Forster 2022 and Oliveros Calvo 2021 for descriptions of the various types of mediaeval horses.
Ayton, Andrew. 1994. Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III. Woodbridge.
Barbour, John. 1909. The Bruce. Ed. W. M. Mackenzie. Adam and Charles Black.
Blunt-Lytton, Judith. 1949. 'The world's Horse'. The Book of the Horse. Ed. Brian Vesey-Fitzgerald. Nicholson & Watson.
Forster, Loïs. 2022. 'The Typology of Horses in Burgundian Chronicles of the Fifteenth Century'. Echoing Hooves: Studies on Horses and Their Effects on Medieval Societies. Edd. Anastasija Ropa and Timothy Dawson. Brill.
Jones, Robert. 2018. 'Cum equis discoopertis: The "Irish" hobelar in the English armies of the fourteenth century'. Military Communities in Late Medieval England. Edd. Gary P. Baker, Craig L. Lambert, David Simpkin. Boydell & Brewer.
Luís, C., R. Juras, M. M. Oom and E. G. Cothran. 2007. 'Genetic diversity and relationships of Portuguese and other horse breeds based on protein and microsatellite loci variation'. Animal Genetics 38:20-27 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01545.x
Morris, J. E.. 1914. 'Mounted infantry in mediaeval warfare' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8:77-102
Oliveros Calvo, Cristina. 2021. 'Straight from the Horse’s Mouth: A Study of Horse Type Terms in English, French and Spanish'. The Liminal Horse: Equitation and Boundaries. Edd. Rena Maguire and Anastasija Ropa. Trivent Publishing.
Radovic, Lara, et al.. 2024. 'The global spread of Oriental Horses in the past 1,500 years through the lens of the Y chromosome'. PNAS 121 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2414408121