Viribus Unitis

Primum non nocere

[usmle-notes]

Lumbar and Sacral plexus

[medicowesome]

Antifungal drugs (with mechanism of action) mnemonic

Hola! Me again!

Drugs and their mechanisms can be difficult to remember.. I like pairing the action with the drug name to make it easy. We are doing anti-fungals today (Yaay!)

Mr. Ampho tears holes in the fungal membrane. Mister rhymes with Nyster and it reminds me of Nystatin. Ampho is Amphotericin.

The word “Squatter" reminds me that Squalene epoxidase is inhibited by terbinafine.

"Azole pazole” sounds so funny! *giggles*

Anyway, P450 inhibited by Azole. Hope pazole works for you as well =D

“Casper the friendly ghost”

Caspofungin the friendly glycan inhibitor xP

Griseofulvin is greasy. And if you put grease on tubules, they won’t move!

Griseofulvin inhibits the formation of the microtubule.

That’s all! Pray for me =)

-IkaN

[usmle1mikmonics]

Love it IkaN! Here’s a few more (including ones from the pharMnemonics cards series and a bunch were from one source online but I can’t remember which, sorry!) 

Azoles: 

Fluconazole - Fluid Fluco flows into CNS (used for cryptococcal meningitis)

Clotrimazole - Cutaneous (topical) (also Miconazole, a stretch!) 

 Voriconazole - inVasive aspergillosis, Visual disturbances

Posaconazole - Potent Posa - decreases Potassium levels, Platelet count, Prophylaxis for invasive aspergillosis, candida in immunocomp.  

Echinocandins: 

EchinocanDIN's- end in GIN: Glucan INhibitors: CaspofunGIN, MicafunGIN

Caspofungin used for invasive Candida, Aspergillosis, 

ClASPs MAST cells - side effect - flushing from histamine release (picture clasping the mast cells so hard that they release histamine) 

Terbinafine - makes nails fine,  takes away the squalor - inhibits squalene epoxidase, treats onychomycosis- can also picture putting a little terbin (turban) on a toe character that falls down too low - can’t see (visual disturbances) 

Polyenes Punch Holes- AmphoTerrible and Nasty Nystatin

AMPHTERICIN B

A nemia M uscle spasms P hlebitis H eadaches/hypotension/hypokalemia T hrombocytopenia E mesis, encephalopathy R espiratory strida I ncreased temperature (fever) C hills I mmediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) N ephrotoxicity—important! B ronchospasm

alternative- Just think of a terrible chef making a shake n bake (fever, chills) - its SO terrible that you grow pale at the sight of it (anemia) heart starts racing (arrthymia) and almost faint (hypotension). To make it better you wash it down with tons of water (so it doesnt hurt your kidneys) and you sprinkle on supplemental K/Mg.  

Nasty Nystatin - Not absorbed (by skin and gut). Only safe oral/topical

[medicinayalgomas]

Mnemónicos: Músculos que se insertan en el Hueso Coxal

Cara Externa

Niño Grande, no pequeño, que se atraviesa, se dobla, se tiende y da lata, todo por la sarna. 

Gran Oblicuo

Pequeño Oblicuo

Transverso

Dorsal  Ancho

Tensor de la Fascia Lata

Sartorio

En la nalga me pegué, directo en la cola, antes respondía por voz, ahora respondía por reflejos.

Cola=Recto

Nalga=Glúteos

Glúteo Mayor

Glúteo Medio

Glúteo Menor

Tendón Directo del recto anterior

Tendón Reflejo del recto Anterior

Me peino el abdomen, camino derecho y antes digo adiós, pequeñas, grandes y despedidas a medias. Camino directo a encerrarme del exterior, en mi cuarto oscuro medio tiendo la cama y mejoro, tiro los cuadros, al final salgo y camino hacía arriba y hacía abajo, con la bicicleta un largo trayecto. 

EL VERSO MÁS DIFÍCIL

Derecho = Recto

Encerrarme = Internamente = Interno

Medio = Semi

Camino (AL Final) = Gémino

Peino = Pectíneo

Abdomen,derecho,antes = Recto Anterior del Abdomen

Adiós = Aductor Pequeño, Medio y Mayor. 

Directo A Encerrarme = Recto interno

Oscuro = Obturador Externo (Al ser de la cara Externa)

Medio Tiendo = Semitendinoso

Medio y Mejoro = Semimembranoso

Cuadros = Cuadrado Crural

Camino, Arriba, Abajo : Gémino Superior e Inferior. 

Bicicleta, Largo = Porción larga del Bíceps. 

Cara Interna

Lumbre Sagrada, quemando dos antiguos caballos traviesos, obedecían poco e iluminados(por el fuego) fueron sacrificados. 

Sacro Lumbar

Dorsal Ancho

Cuadrado Lumbar

Transverso

Oblicuo Menor

Ilíaco

Sartorio

Obtengo Internet y un poco de sopa en un antiguo elevador, obreros trabajan adentro y afuera, transformando el edificio desde adentro y matando a los perros. Es que son hombres de las cavernas. 

transformando el edificio desde adentro y matando a los perros = Transverso Profundo del Períneo

Obturador Interno

Psoas Menor

Elevador del ano

Obturador Interno y Obturador Externo

Transverso Profundo del Períneo

Isquiocavernoso

[medicinayalgomas]

Mnemónicos: Piel

Capas de la Epidermis/Cutícula:

Con Tantos Granos Malos Besos

Córnea, Células Transparentes, Granulosa, Malphigi, Basal

Composición de la Dermis:

La dermis es popular y creída

En la Dermis hay papilas y crestas dérmicas.

Las papilas pueden ser simples o compuestas, o formar complejos lineales llamadas crestas.

Corpúsculos

Me siento un Rufián Enojado, un Gorila Furioso. Me Calmo, un Camarón en el Hielo, Sin Presión. 

Tanto los Corpúsculos de Meissner como los Discos de Merkel, sirven para el sentido principal del tacto. Siendo los de Meisnner más específicas (tacto fino) que los de Merkel (tacto mantenido). 

Los Corpúsculos de Ruffini y los de Golgi-Mazzon detectan cambios de temperatura relacionada con el calor, y los Bulbos de Crause(sic)/Krausse los del frío. 

Los corpúsculos de Pacini perciben sensaciones vibratorias y de presión.

Además existen terminaciones libres y amielínicas del dolor, abundantes en la punta de los dedos, los labios y la lengua. 

[medicinayalgomas]

Neurología: Principales Escalas que Evalúan la capacidad Funcional

1. Actividades básicas de la Vida

Índice de independencia de Katz

Índice de Barthel

Escala de Actividades básicas de Lawton y Brody

Escala de Incapacidad física de la Cruz Roja

Nothingham ten-point scale

Rivermead ADL scale

Hamrin Scale

Escala de Plutchik

Evaluación de Autocuidado de Kenny

Escala perfil de PULSES

The Physical Self-maintenance Scale, de Lawton y Brody

2. Actividades Instrumentales (O extendidas) de la Vida Diaria.

Escala de Actividades Instrumentales de Lawton y Brody

Escala Rápida de Incapacidad, de Linn

Escala SMAF

The Lambeth Disability Screening Questionnaire

The Functional Status Index

Cuestionario OECD

The Patient Evaluation Conference System

2.1 Escalas Usadas Preferentemente en Determinadas enfermedades relacionadas con la demencia y alteraciones cognitivas

Escala FAQ de Pfeffer

Escala IQCODE de Jorm y Korten

Escala Bayer

Escala IDDD

2.2 Enfermedad de Alzheimer

Escala ADFACS

2.3 Ictus

Pulses Profile

Rankin Modificada

2.4 Osteoartritis 

Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index

2.5 Parkinson

Escala de Schwab y England

NUDS

2.6 Enfermedades Psiquiátricas

Basic Everyday Living Skills 

3. Otras Escalas que Evalúan otras capacidades Funcionales (Avanzadas)

Escala de Rosow-Breslau

Escala Nagi

Cuestionario de actividades avanzadas de la vida diaria

4. Escalas para la Evaluación de la Capacidad Física Elemental

Escalas que evalúan la marcha, fuerza en extremidades, etc

Rivermead Motility Index

5. Escalas de Observación Directa

Performance Test of Activities of Daily Living (PADL)

Test de valoración Directa de Movilidad y Equilibrio (POMA)

The Timed Manual Performance (TMT)

Get Up and Go Test

Functional Rearch Test

Timed Up & Go Test (TU & GT)

Physical Performance Test (PPT)

Structured Assesment of Indeoendient Living Skills (SAILS)

Nurses Observation Scale for Geriatric Patients (NOSGER)

Berg Balance Scale (BBS)

Physical Performance and Mobility Examination (PPME)

Escala Funcional de EEII

Balance Master (BM)

Rivermead Mobility Index

Timed Movement Battery

[medicinayalgomas]

Neurología: Pruebas de Inteligencia y Principales pruebas de Inteligencia.

Inteligencia verbal y Manipulativa

Stanford-Binet

Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test

Wechler* (WAIS-R: Adultos, WISC: Nivel Escolar)

Inteligencia Culturalmente Justa

Test de Matrices progresivas de Raven (Versión Detallada: Hogan, 2004)

TONI-3

etc

Inteligencia verbal

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

Test de Acentuación de Palabras (TAP), adaptación del NART (National Adult Reading Test)

[medicowesome]

Which cell secretes what? Male reproductive system mnemonics

LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce Testosterone. Testosterone converts the Wolffian ducts into male accessory structures. Mnemonic: There is a L in LH and Leydig. If you flip around the letter L, it looks like a T. FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to produce Sperm. Mnemonic: There is a S in FSH, Sertoli, and Sperm. Inhibin is secreted from the Sertoli cells and it inhibits FSH secretion. Mnemonic: sertoli ends in I for Inhibin. Sertoli cells secrete MIF that inhibit female paramesonephric duct development. Mnemonic: sertoli ends in I formullerian Inhibiting factor (MIF). Related posts: Which cell secretes what? A simplified ovarian cycle comic video Which cell secretes what? Gastric mucosa histology mnemonics

[medicowesome]

Steps of mitosis mnemonic

Hey everyone! We’ll be learning about mitosis today! Mitosis makes copies of cells. It occurs in all somatic cells of the body (except sperm and ova) Here is how to remember the various stages of cell division :) Interphase: Interval before division. G1 is for growth of the cell. S is for synthesis (replication) of DNA. It is the G2 phase of interphase in which chromatin is duplicated. The phases of mitosis - Prophase: Prepare for division! Chromatin condenses to chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids. Nuclear envelope disappears. Metaphase: Meet in the midline. Chromosmes align at equitorial plane. Anaphase: Alone and apart :( Sister chromatids seprate. Centromeres divide. Telophase: Torn and towed away T_T Chromatin expands. Cytoplasm divides. Phase in which nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes. Stages in which ova are arrested are also difficult to remember. This is how I remember them - Plot in prophase till puberty. Oocytes are arrested in Diplotene stage of Prophase I till puberty. Metaphase for meeting the sperm. Oocytes are arrested in Metaphase II after ovulation. (The sperm will contribute a centriole, which will help make up the zygotic centrosome required for further division.) That’s all! Hope it helped! "And we’re burning all the bridges now." -IkaN

[medicowesome]

Plasmodium species that have a dormant liver form (hypnozoites) mnemonic

Hey everyone! There are 4 Plasmodium species - P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. vivax and P. ovale. Did you know that P. vivax and P. ovale have a dormant stage (hypnozoites) that can persist in the liver? It can cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks, or even years later!

Primaquine is mainly used to treat P. vivax or P. ovale malaria, specifically to clear the dormant liver forms of these parasites (hypnozoites) once the parasite has been eliminated from the bloodstream. This requires a 14 day course of primaquine. Sometimes examiners like to ask you which species cause relapses when treated with chloroquine only. Here’s my memory aid for remembering this tiny piece of information: liVer - viVax & oVale.

That’s all!

-IkaN

[medicowesome]

Which cell secretes what? Gastrointestinal mnemonics

"pH" for Parietal cells secrete H+ ions. "PC" for Pepsin is secreted by Chief cells. (Alternate mnemonic: I think of master chef making food rich in proteins, peptides being degraded by pepsin and that’s how I remember the association that Chief cells secrete Pepsin). G for G cells & G for Gastrin. (Hah! That was easy!) S for S cells & S for Secretin! (Medicine is easy!) You’ve probably heard of the iPhone.. Heard of iCDs? Coz they’re gonna help you remember the rest of the cells secretions- I cells secrete CCK. Delta cells secrete somatostatin. Go ICDS! That’s all! <3 Wait.. Which cell secretes intrinsic factor? Do you know the IP address of that cell? IP.. Yes, yes. Parietal cells! Intrinsic factor - Parietal cells!

[medicowesome]

Peroneal nerve branches

"Super everter, deep dorsiflexer." Superficial peroneal nerve (superficial fibular nerve) supplies the fibularis longus (peroneus longus) and fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis). These muscles evert the foot. The deep fibular nerve (deep peroneal nerve) supplies the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis (peroneus) tertius, and extensor hallucis longus (propius). These muscles dorsiflex the foot. The skin over the greater part of the dorsum of the foot is supplied by the superficial fibular nerve with the exception of the first web space, which is innervated by the deep peroneal nerve.

You can remember most of the superficial stuff (the skin) is supplied by the superficial nerve!

[medicowesome]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

[medicowesome]

Oxygen saturation mnemonic

I imagine Hemoglobin as a seat for oxygen to sit on. The RBC is like a bus and wohhoo travels the oxygen to it’s destination! Anyway.. If something doesn’t allow oxygen to sit on it seat decreases O2 saturation. Sit - seat - sat, get it? Carbon monoxide sat on oxygen’s seat. O2 saturation decreases in CO poisoning.

Another example, methemoglobinemia. O2 can not sit on Hemoglobin because heme group is in the Fe3+ or ferric state and that decreases O2 saturation as well! In anemia, O2 saturation is normal! Why? Nobody is sitting on Oxygen’s seat! Hope this silly thing helps you get through exams ^__^ -IkaN

[medicowesome]

Wasn’t planning on uploading this but YOLO, right? :D

[medicowesome]

How to remember the sign and direction of Gibbs free energy change

Figure out whether the products have more energy or the substrate, the direction and sign is fit in an easy mnemonic! =)

[medicowesome]

Difference between primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis mnemonic

Greetings people! Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).. Because both have the word primary and are associated with the hepatobiliary system, it’s easy to mix em up. Here’s how I keep them straight - The middle word is the key:

sclerOsing has an O O for onion O looks like a bead biliAry has an A A for autoimmune A for antibodies Periductal onion skin fibrosis on histology and beaded appearance (both strictures and dilation) on cholangiography is seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Cholangitis and Colitis sound similar and that’s how I make the Ulcerative colitis association with PSC! Antimitochondrial antibodies are seen in primary biliary cirrhosis. It is autoimmune. A also reminds me of the Attenuated bile duct epithelium due to destruction of interlobular bile ducts (those that course alongside the hepatic artery) by lymphocyte infiltration (Florid duct lesion). Since autoimmune diseases are more commonly seen in females, PBC is also common in females.. So the other one, PSC, is seen in males! Hope you all are doing awesome < 3 -IkaN

[medicowesome]

Embryological origin of brain mnemonics

Hello brainy people! Let’s memorize the embryological origins of the encephalon! The what? The brain? Yeah, that’s what we call it! Disclaimer: I’ve made super lame associations =P

Three primary vesicles: Forebrain is a pro. Prosencephalon - future forebrain. M for midbrain, mesencephalon. Mesencephalon - future midbrain. Rhomboid fossa is in the hindbrain. Rhombencephalon - future hindbrain. Five secondary vesicles: You do telepathy with your cerebral hemispheres! Telencephalon - Cerebral hemispheres. Diet. Also, your food centres are in hyptothalamus. Diencephalon - Thalamus, hypothalamus. M for midbrain, mesencephalon. Mesencephalon - Midbrain. Meet me at the pond, bella. Metencephelon - Pons, cerebellum. Myelen think spinal cord. What connects spinal cord to the brain? Myelencephalon - Medulla. That’s all! *zombie voice* “Brains! Human brains!” -IkaN