Adapting your garden to survive climate change.
So there's a drought in Belgium at the moment, and like everywhere else, the grassy parts in our garden have mostly dried up and gone yellow. The most notable exceptions are the one corner of the garden behind the elder tree, which we chucked a bunch of wildflower seeds on in the spring and then left alone - it is pretty impenetrable now - and,
(Disclaimer: I am not a gardening expert, I have no qualifications in that area, and I've only had gardens since 2018, so take the following with a pinch of salt.) Anyway, here's what has worked in my garden this year:
Cover the ground completely. You do this by planting things close together and using hay or grass clippings or leaf litter - anything really - to fill the extra space while the plants are still young. You know those distance recommendations on the back of the seed packet for how far apart to plant? Unless you're planting salads or cabbages (which can go to seed), halve it. The closer your plants are to each other, the more ground they'll cover, and the bigger your yield will be. By the time you're harvesting, you want to be unable to see the ground without moving something out of the way. This keeps the ground out of the sun, slowing down evaporation and preventing your soil from drying into a hard baked crust that's incapable of absorbing water. In short, it prevents the desertification of your garden. This method is best paired with...
Companion planting. Basically you want to put plants that are different next to each other. Most people do this by meticulously planning where each plant is going to go. I, however, am an agent of chaos, and have solved this issue by putting my plants wherever. I currently have a very prolific yellow courgette plant right next to some tomatoes, with a few green beans hiding underneath along with the lemon balm that was already there. I've got raspberries next to butternut squash next to some flowering vine thing next to potatoes. And I've got poppies absolutely everywhere, poking up between the courgette leaves. They keep each other cool. It's been weeks since it last rained properly and the only plant that's suffering is my green courgette, and that's because it caught a powdery mildew and I had to cut off about half the leaves. I could have prevented that if I'd kept a better eye on my plants.
Water with a watering can, not a hose. Not only does this prevent wastage and allow you to put water directly at the roots of the plants, it also means you avoid watering your leaves. Water droplets on leaves can heat up very quickly in the sun and actually damage the plant. Tomatoes are especially vulnerable to this. This is also why it's best to water early in the morning or late in the evening. (ps- a jug is fine if you don't have a watering can. If you have set up an irrigation system for your plants, you are over qualified to read this post.)
Plant a wide variety of things. When I started gardening, we got lots of tomatoes bc we kept having droughts and early summers. This year has been the same. Last year however, we got so much rain that half of Belgium flooded and every single tomato plant I had rotted before it even managed to fruit. Luckily last year I also decided to plant green beans for the first time, and we got a pretty good yield. This year I planted plenty of both, and though we're having fewer green beans, we already have enough tomato sauce to last us half the winter. It pays to have a variety of plants with different needs, because the weather and seasons are now so unpredictable that we should be prepared for anything.
Plant at different times. By which I mean, start some tomatoes on your windowsill in February, then some more 2 weeks later, etc. That way they're not all ripe at the same time and you can harvest them all summer, instead of having way too many that are ripe at once.
Plant too much. There are precautions you can take against aphids, slugs, and other bugs, but if you're lazy eco-conscious like me, plant about 30% more than you need. Nature demands a sacrifice in return for her bounty, and a third of your harvest is a fair tax imo. If you want to protect your favourite veggies, try to either lift them up off the ground (if they're vine types or small enough to be potted), or plant sacrificial plants around them. Nasturtiums attract aphids, for instance, and when our kale went to seed we left it there until it broke in the wind, because it was attracting all sorts of bugs that consequently left the other cabbages alone.
Plant flowers as well as vegetables. I didn't see the point of this until my mother-in-law gave me a bunch of flowers to plant in between my veggies, and suddenly I was getting much higher yields. The reason for this is pretty obvious, in hindsight : for your fruiting veggies to, well, fruit, they need to flower and be pollenated first. Bigger, more brightly coloured flowers = more pollenators in your garden. Plant pollenator-friendly flowers, not just edibles. Bonus point: they're really nice to look at.
This is all I've got for now. If you happen to be more experienced / knowledgeable about this than me and feel the need to correct me, please feel free. I do not guarantee that I will follow your advice, but someone else might.