Jun 23, 2025
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A massive volcanic eruption in Indonesia about 74,000 years ago likely caused severe climate disruption in many areas of the globe, but early human populations were sheltered from the worst effects, suggests a new study published in the journal PNAS. “Ultimately, this will help to mitigate the en
“”We were able to use a large number of climate model simulations to resolve what seemed like a paradox,” said lead author Benjamin Black from Rutgers University. “We know this eruption happened and that past climate modeling has suggested the climate consequences could have been severe, but archaeological and palaeoclimate records from Africa don’t show such a dramatic response.”
“Our results suggest that we might not have been looking in the right place to see the climate response. Africa and India are relatively sheltered, whereas North America, Europe and Asia bear the brunt of the cooling. One intriguing aspect of this is that Neanderthals and Denisovans were living in Europe and Asia at this time, so our paper suggests evaluating the effects of the Toba eruption on those populations could merit future investigation.””
The development of personality series aka studying for my exam in style:
Freud's psychoanalysis:
The whole idea of the Psychosexual development explained in the previous post was to finally share what kind of impact it has on our behaviours as we grow up.
Freud thought we could get stuck in any of these stages by ‘fixating’ if our needs weren’t fulfilled or were overfulfilled.
Fixation in the oral stage could mean: oral receptive type = when the child is dependent to its caregiver resulting in a naive and gullible personality OR oral aggressive type = when the child tends to be verbally aggressive resulting in a dominant, sarcastic or argumentative personality.
Fixation in the anal stage could mean: constipated type = develops an anal-retentive personality, basically they’re used to hold it in until they can’t anymore, resulting in a perfectionist, greedy but conscientious personality OR a diarrheic type = develops an anal-expulsive personality, resulting in a disorganized, aggressive, neurotic personality.
Fixation in the phallic stage is somewhat weird to me, because in this stage children realize that apparently they are different down there resulting in the Oedipus and Electra complex and whether they get over this complex or not shapes their personality. If they don’t it kind of results in mommy or daddy issues :)).
Fixation in the latency stage is almost... non-existent? Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage.
I don’t think you can fixate in the last stage but there is something interesting here called Cathexis which basically means the investment of mental or emotional energy in a person, object, or idea. Based on how we invest, this could lead to a narcissistic personality or a very altruistic one.
Did I ever actually tell y'all what my paper at uni ended up being?
If not:
'An investigation of the developmental stages of children’s drawings and how they can frame the teaching of Art and Design at KS3.'
Like. It was the most fascinating. I mean, obviously, or I wouldn't have written on the subject.
I still kinda want to get a Masters on Children's Drawings.
And still low key want to get a PhD in Children's Drawings across different cultures across the world.
Dreaming. Of course.
The development of personality series aka studying for my exam in style:
Freud's psychoanalysis:
Freud made it very clear that our experiences during childhood are extremely important because of the impact they have on our behavior.
Honestly this must be one of the most important aspects of his work, that is also relevant to today's approach. (Not what I'm about to say but just this simple idea.)
He theorized that as we grow up, we go through different emotional and intellectual developmental stages also known as the Psychosexual development in which our experiences either initiate, enhance or alter some behaviors.
Therefore we have (and to me this is where the disturbing parts starts):
The oral stage: 12-18 months = the child's sexual needs are focused on the oral region of the body. They find pleasure by stimulating the oral region.
The anal stage: 2-3 years = the child's sexual needs are focused on the anal region, and they find pleasure by stimulating that area (which apparently means defecating and peeing)
The phallic stage: 3-6 years = the child's desires or libido are focused on their genitalia, they discover the difference between sexes.
The latency stage: 6-12 years = there isn't a particular erogenous zone here, but rather this is a time of transition, the child is focused on relationships and discovers the world throughout their experiences.
The genital stage: 12, 13 + = this one starts in puberty, where physical changes occur as well, is technically the last stage. The teenager is starting to develop sexual interest in people outside the family.
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Welcome to K&D's Timeline Tales! 🗓️
Hey there, we're Kez and Deia, (2) two psychology students who are fascinated by the incredible journey of human development. In this blog, we'll be exploring The Human Timeline, a deep dive into the stages of life from one's conception, infancy to adulthood. We're here to unravel the mysteries of our growth, from our first babbling words to the complex decisions of our adult lives.
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~ What does it truly mean to grow up? ~ How do our early experiences shape who we become?
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Join us as we search for the answers to these questions and more!
We can't wait to share this journey with you. Let's explore The Human Timeline together! Xoxo! 💗
Love,
Kez and Deia 💗