seen from Malaysia
seen from United States
seen from United States
seen from United States
seen from Saudi Arabia
seen from Saudi Arabia
seen from South Korea
seen from United Kingdom
seen from Netherlands
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Even in the wake of one of their CEOs being assassinated they still want to fuck over the people of this country. We can not stop talking about this. we can not let this slide to the back burner and be forgotten because they will continue to deny, they will continue to defend, and they will continue to depose. We are ants to them, but we are many, and they are few.
Gemfibrozil
NAMES -- Lopid
CLASS -- lipid-lowering agent -- fibric acid derivative
USE -- management of type IIb hyperlipidemia in patients who do not yet have clinical coronary artery disease and have failed therapy
ACTION -- inhibits peripheral lipolysis -- decreases triglyceride production by liver -- decreases production of triglyceride carrier protein -- increases HDL
Sugar industry sponsorship of germ-free rodent studies linking sucrose to hyperlipidemia and cancer: An historical analysis of internal documents
Citation: Kearns CE, Apollonio D, Glantz SA (2017) Sugar industry sponsorship of germ-free rodent studies linking sucrose to hyperlipidemia and cancer: An historical analysis of internal documents. PLoS Biol 15(11): e2003460. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003460
"In 1965, the Sugar Research Foundation (SRF) secretly funded a review in the New England Journal of Medicine that discounted evidence linking sucrose consumption to blood lipid levels and hence coronary heart disease (CHD). SRF subsequently funded animal research to evaluate sucrose’s CHD risks. The objective of this study was to examine the planning, funding, and internal evaluation of an SRF-funded research project titled “Project 259: Dietary Carbohydrate and Blood Lipids in Germ-Free Rats,” led by Dr. W.F.R. Pover at the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, between 1967 and 1971.
A narrative case study method was used to assess SRF Project 259 from 1967 to 1971 based on sugar industry internal documents. Project 259 found a statistically significant decrease in serum triglycerides in germ-free rats fed a high sugar diet compared to conventional rats fed a basic PRM diet (a pelleted diet containing cereal meals, soybean meals, whitefish meal, and dried yeast, fortified with a balanced vitamin supplement and trace element mixture). The results suggested to SRF that gut microbiota have a causal role in carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia. A study comparing conventional rats fed a high-sugar diet to those fed a high-starch diet suggested that sucrose consumption might be associated with elevated levels of beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme previously associated with bladder cancer in humans. SRF terminated Project 259 without publishing the results. The sugar industry did not disclose evidence of harm from animal studies that would have (1) strengthened the case that the CHD risk of sucrose is greater than starch and (2) caused sucrose to be scrutinized as a potential carcinogen. The influence of the gut microbiota in the differential effects of sucrose and starch on blood lipids, as well as the influence of carbohydrate quality on beta-glucuronidase and cancer activity, deserve further scrutiny.”
Review of the Uses, Chemistry, and Pharmacology of Lemon Balm
Review of the Uses, Chemistry, and Pharmacology of Lemon Balm
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, Lamiaceae) is widely used in European traditional medicine and Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) for various diseases, as well as being consumed as a salad vegetable and food flavoring. The authors searched unpublished old texts and several databases of published literature to review the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology,…
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Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial pathological condition, often associated with co-morbid condition of hyperlipidemia. Anti-diabetics and hypolipidemics are thus co-prescribed. Now, this use of multiple drugs or polypharmacy, however, increases the propensity of drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions. Present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of concomitant therapy of anti-diabetics and hypolipidemics on animal models induced with comorbid conditions of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide and hyperlipidemia was induced by High Fat Diet. Comorbid condition of both diabetes and hyperlipidemia was developed in rats. The rats were treated with antidiabetic drug Metformin and hypolipidemic drug Atorvastatin for 28 days. The safety and efficacy of concomitant therapy was evaluated by different biomarkers in serum and antioxidant levels in hepatic and renal tissues, collected from the rats. It was observed that concomitant therapy of Metformin and Atorvastatin was able to restore the blood glucose and triglyceride level by 69.93% and 54.61%, respectively. Concomitant therapy, however, was accompanied by increased oxidative stress in tissues, characterized by altered antioxidant levels. The hepatic and renal glutathione was diminished by 67.6% and 79.7% respectively, whereas, malondialdehyde level was enhanced by 31.7% and 83.3%, indicating oxidative stress induced tissue damage. This preliminary study was an attempt to mimic the comorbid diseased condition in animal model and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of concomitant therapy in animals that can be translated in human system to optimize therapeutic regimen.
The Scientific Research Notes of S. Sunkavally (years 2002-2011).
3401
The Scientific Research Note of S. Sunkavally (years 2002-2011).
3387-3389
Evaluation of drug-drug interaction on concomitant administration of anti-diabetics and hypolipidemics in in vivo models
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial pathological condition, often associated with co-morbid condition of hyperlipidemia. Anti-diabetics and hypolipidemics are thus co-prescribed. Now, this use of multiple drugs or polypharmacy, however, increases the propensity of drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions. Present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of concomitant therapy of anti-diabetics and hypolipidemics on animal models induced with comorbid conditions of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide and hyperlipidemia was induced by High Fat Diet. Comorbid condition of both diabetes and hyperlipidemia was developed in rats. The rats were treated with antidiabetic drug Metformin and hypolipidemic drug Atorvastatin for 28 days. The safety and efficacy of concomitant therapy was evaluated by different biomarkers in serum and antioxidant levels in hepatic and renal tissues, collected from the rats. It was observed that concomitant therapy of Metformin and Atorvastatin was able to restore the blood glucose and triglyceride level by 69.93% and 54.61%, respectively. Concomitant therapy, however, was accompanied by increased oxidative stress in tissues, characterized by altered antioxidant levels. The hepatic and renal glutathione was diminished by 67.6% and 79.7% respectively, whereas, malondialdehyde level was enhanced by 31.7% and 83.3%, indicating oxidative stress induced tissue damage. This preliminary study was an attempt to mimic the comorbid diseased condition in animal model and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of concomitant therapy in animals that can be translated in human system to optimize therapeutic regimen.
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease of improper metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, due to lack of insulin hormone or insensitivity of cells to insulin, causing increased blood sugar level. (RahimiMadiseh et al., 2017) Insulin regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and fats. Insulin inhibits the release of free fatty acid (FFA) from the fat cells. Thus, insulin insufficiency results in increased FFA level, which in presence of glycogen in liver, stimulates the production of triglycerides in liver. Triglycerides in turn stimulates the production of VLDL cholesterol, thereby resulting in abnormal lipid profile or dyslipidemia. (Mooradian, 2009; Schofield et al., 2016) Therefore, dyslipidemia or abnormal lipid profile in blood, is a common comorbid condition in diabetic patients. (Indu et al., 2017; Joshi and Parikh, 2007) Abnormal lipid profile were reported among 67.1% of the diabetic patients of age 40 to 75 years in China. (Yan et al., 2016) Diabetes and dyslipidemia are the predisposing factors for the development of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, etc. (Joshi et al., 2014; Schofield et al., 2016) Thus diabetic patients are often co-prescribed with hypolipidemics, mainly statins. (Indu et al., 2017) A multi-centric study in 178 centres across India showed among 5400 diabetic patients screened, 75.25% were prescribed with statins. (Mithal et al., 2014) Meta-analysis data revealed use of statins results in one fifth reduction of cardiovascular events in patients. (Baigent et al., 2005) Thus diabetic patients are often prescribed with multiple medications. Polypharmacy or concomitant use of multiple medications not only increases the pill burden but also enhances the risk of drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions. (Payne and Avery, 2011) In vitro studies have been reported on interaction of antidiabetic drug Glimepiride with Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin. (Galani and Vyas, 2010) Previous works have shown interaction of Metformin and Atorvastatin in vitro system. (Indu et al., 2018) However, an interactions of these two drugs in in vivo system is yet to be explored. Thus present study tried to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these two drugs in animal models. Comorbid condition of both diabetes and hyperlipidemia was developed in animals. Rats were then treated with concomitant medications of both Metformin and Atorvastatin. The present study thus, aimed to estimate the effect of concomitant medications in comorbid condition in animal models.
Source : Evaluation of drug-drug interaction on concomitant administration of anti-diabetics and hypolipidemics in in vivo models
