Hazel's Tree ID

[hazeltreeid]

Fagus sylvatica ‘Pendula’

Weeping Beech

Native to: Central and Southern Europe

Leaves: Simple; Alternate; Ovate to elliptic, to 4” long; Wavy mostly toothless margins and prominent parallel veins

Leaf color: Lustrous dark green leaves; Copper fall color

Flower: Monoecious yellowish green flowers bloom in April-May, the male flowers in drooping, long-stemmed, globular clusters and the female flowers in short spikes; Female flowers give way to triangular nuts enclosed by spiny bracts

Fruit: Beechnuts ripen in fall

Mature size: Height of 35-50ft; Spread of 20-40ft

Growing conditions: Best grown in deep, rich, moist but well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Intolerant of wet, poorly drained soils; Difficult to transplant and does not always grow well in urban settings; Reportedly tolerates a wider range of soils than American beech

Hardiness zone: 4-7

Permaculture use:

Landscape: Though not a street tree, it makes one of the finest specimens of all those available in North America for large-scale landscapes; It may be the most picturesque of all the weeping trees; It can be pruned to create a tunnel or walkway beneath the crown for pedestrians; It is probably best located in a large open area where people can enjoy it from a distance

Food: Beechnuts ripen in fall and are edible

Wildlife: Fruit attracts birds

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st247 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=245712&isprofile=0&

[hazeltreeid]

Pinus sylvestris

Scot’s Pine

Native to: Siberia to Eastern Asia, Europe

Leaves: Evergreen; Twisted needles (to 3” long) in bundles of two

Leaf color: Blue-green

Fruit: Gray to light brown cones (to 3” long)

Mature size: Height of 30-60ft; Spread of 30-40ft

Growing conditions: Moist, acidic, well-drained soils in full sun; Tolerant of a variety of soil types, including poor soils, as long as the drainage is good; Prefer cool summer climates and dislike the heat and humidity of the deep South; Generally tolerant of urban conditions

Hardiness zone: 2-7

Permaculture use:

Landscape: Needles contain terpene, this is released when rain washes over the needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat; Can be planted as a shelterbelt, succeeding in maritime exposure

Food: Inner bark can be dried and ground into a powder and used in making bread, a famine food, it is only used when all else fails; Vanilla flavoring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood

Medicine: Valued especially for its antiseptic action and beneficial effect upon the respiratory system; Turpentine obtained from the resin is antirheumatic, antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and vermifuge; Valuable remedy in the treatment of kidney, bladder and rheumatic affections, and also in diseases of the mucous membranes and the treatment of respiratory complaints; Externally it is used in the form of liniment plasters and inhalers; Leaves and young shoots are antiseptic, diuretic and expectorant; Leaves are used internally for their mildly antiseptic effect within the chest and are also used to treat rheumatism and arthritis; Leaves can be added to the bath water for treating fatigue, nervous exhaustion, sleeplessness, skin irritations; Leaves can also be used as an inhalant in the treatment of various chest complaints; Essential oil from the leaves is used in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory infections, and also for digestive disorders such as wind; Essential oil obtained from the seed has diuretic and respiratory-stimulant properties; Seeds are used in the treatment of bronchitis, tuberculosis and bladder infections; Decoction of the seeds can be applied externally to help suppress excessive vaginal discharge; Essential oil is used in aromatherapy and is considered “invigorating”

Other Products: Tan or green dye can be obtained from the needles; Reddish yellow dye is obtained from the cones; Tree yields resin and turpentine; Turpentine has a wide range of uses including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc; Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing, as a wood preservative etc; Essential oil obtained from the leaves is used in perfumery and medicinally; Fiber from the inner bark is used to make ropes; Roots are very resinous and burn well and can be used as a candle substitute; Leaves are used as a packing material; Fibrous material is stripped out of the leaves and is used to fill pillows, cushions and as a packing material; Wood is a good fuel but it is somewhat smokey

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c229 http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+sylvestris

[hazeltreeid]

Pinus wallichiana

Himalayan Pine

Native to: Himalayas

Leaves: Evergreen; Needles (to 8” long) in bundles of five are upright when young but become slightly pendent as they age

Leaf color: Grey-green

Fruit: Slender cones (6-10” long) on 1-2” stalks droop as they mature to light brown

Mature size: Height of 30-50ft; Spread of 20-35ft

Growing conditions: Grow in moist, acidic, well-drained, sandy loams in full sun; Best sited in a protected location, but avoid areas with dry soils

Hardiness zone: 5-7

Permaculture use:

Landscape: Excellent ornamental pine that is somewhat similar in appearance to eastern white pine; Needles contain a substance called terpene, this is released when rain washes over the needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat

Food: Seed is edible raw or cooked; Honeydew from aphid infested leaves can be eaten as a manna; Manna-like substance that exudes from the leaves and twigs is eaten or used like honey; Vanilla flavoring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood

Medicine: Turpentine obtained from the resin of all pine trees is antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge; It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints and is used both internally and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic affections; It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB; Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc and is used in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers; Wood is diaphoretic and stimulant; It is useful in treating burning of the body, cough, fainting and ulcers

Other Products: A commercial source of turpentine and tar; Turpentine has a wide range of uses including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc; Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing, as a wood preservative etc; Leaves are used as a stuffing for pillows etc; Tan or green dye is obtained from the needles;  Good firewood but it gives off a pungent resinous smoke; Wood is rich in resin, it can be splintered and used as a torch

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c235 http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=pinus+wallichiana

[hazeltreeid]

Cornus mas

Cornelian Cherry Dogwood

Native to: Europe and Western Asia

Leaves: Opposite, simple, oval to elliptical, entire with distinct veins, 2.5 to 5 in long

Leaf color: Dark green above, lighter below; Insignificant fall color

Flower: Yellow flowers on short stalks bloom in early spring before the leaves emerge in dense, showy, rounded clusters (umbels to 3/4" wide); Each umbel is surrounded at the base by small, yellowish, petaloid bracts which are much less showy than the large decorative bracts found on some other species of dogwood such as Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) and Cornus kousa (kousa dogwood)

Fruit: Ellipsoid, fleshy, one-seeded berries (drupes to 5/8" long) which mature to cherry red in mid-summer

Mature size: Height of 15-25ft; Spread of 15-20ft

Growing conditions: Easily grown in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, organically rich soil

Hardiness zone: 4-8

Permaculture use:

Landscape: Best as a hedge, screen or foundation plant or as a specimen or grouping in the shrub border

Food: Fruits are edible raw or cooked, although sour tasting fresh off the plant; Fruits may be used for making syrups and preserves; A small amount of edible oil can be extracted from the seeds; Seeds can be roasted, ground into a powder and used as a coffee substitute

Medicine: Bark and the fruit are astringent, febrifuge and nutritive; Astringent fruit is a good treatment for bowel complaints and fevers, whilst it is also used in the treatment of cholera; Flowers can be used in the treatment of diarrhea

Other products: An oil is obtained from the seed; A dye is obtained from the bark; Leaves are a good source of tannin

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c290 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/cornelian-cherry-dogwood http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=cornus+mas

[hazeltreeid]

Ilex opaca

American Holly

Native to: Eastern and Central United States

Leaves: Simple; Broad-leaved evergreen; stiff elliptical leaves have several spiny teeth along the leaf margin

Leaf color: Dark green

Flower: Inconspicuous, White

Fruit: Bright red berries; Bright red or orange fruits (drupes to 1/4- 1/2" diameter) ripen in fall on pollinated female trees, and persist on the tree through winter

Mature size: Height of 15-30ft; Spread of 10-20ft

Growing conditions: Easily grown in average, consistently moist, acidic, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade; Tolerates a broad range of soil conditions, but will not tolerate flooding or soils saturated with moisture; Avoid poorly drained soils; Best growth in the wild usually occurs in rich bottomlands and swamp margins

Hardiness zone: 5-9

Plant community: New England Barrier beach, Red Maple Swamp

Permaculture use:

Landscape: Fairly wind-resistant, this species is also used in shelterbelt plantings

Food: Roasted leaves are used as a tea substitute, do not contain caffeine

Wildlife: Berries attract many bird and small mammal species; Provides cover and nesting sites; Larval plant for Henrys Elfin butterfly; Special Value to Honey Bees

Medicine: Berries are laxative, emetic and diuretic; Berries used in the treatment of children's diarrhea, colic and indigestion; Tea made from the leaves can be used as a treatment for measles, colds etc; Leaves can be used externally in the treatment of sore eyes, sore and itchy skin; Tea made from the bark was once used in the treatment of malaria and epilepsy and also been used as a wash for sore eyes and itchy skin

Other Products: Dye can be made from the berries

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=k640 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/american-holly http://www.pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+opaca https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ILOP

[hazeltreeid]

Taxus x media

Anglo-Japanese yew

Native to: Garden origin

Leaves: Evergreen; Glossy needles arranged flat on either side of branch; Needles short-stalked,1/2 to 1 inch long

Leaf color: Dark green above, lime green below

Fruit: Fleshy red berries (aril) surround a hardbrown seed

Mature size: Height of 2-20ft; Spread of 2-12 ft

Growing conditions: Can tolerate full shade but growth will be less dense; Best in sheltered location; winter winds can dry plants, causing dieback; Prefers a well -drained soil; Shallow root system benefits with a layer of mulch; Keep pruned to control size of plants near buildings; Will not tolerate wet conditions

Hardiness zone: 4-7

Permaculture use:

Landscape: Ornamental; Hedge

Food: Fruit are poisonous

Medicine: Modern research has shown that yew trees contain the substance ‘taxol’ in their shoots and bark; Taxol has shown exciting potential as an anti-cancer drug

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=d956 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/anglo-japanese-yew http://www.pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxus+x+media

[hazeltreeid]

Taxus cuspidata

Japanese Yew

Native to: Japan, Korea and Manchuria

Leaves: Evergreen; 0.5" to 1" long and only 0.10" wide; Needles can be straight or curved; Leave apex is sharply pointed

Leaf color: Dull green color on upperside, pale green on underside; Some winter yellowing occurs

Buds: Brown and imbricate

Flower: Dioecious; Form on previous years wood; Blooms in March and April; Ornamentally unimportant

Fruit: Hard seed covered by a red aril; Mildly attractive

Mature size: Height of 10-40ft; Spread of 10-50ft

Growing conditions: Sun or shade; Prefers moist, well-drained, sandy, slightly acidic soil; Prune tolerant; Pollution tolerant

Hardiness zone: 4

Permaculture use:

Landscape: Foundation plantings; Mass or groupings; Hedge; Screen; Topiary

Food: Fruit is edible raw or cooked; Very sweet and gelatinous, most people find it delicious though some find it sickly; All other parts of this plant, including the seed, are highly poisonous; When eating the fruit you should spit out the large seed found in the fruit's center; Should you swallow the whole seed it will just pass straight through you without harm, if the seed has been bitten into, however, it could cause some problems

Medicine: Modern research has shown that yew trees contain the substance 'taxol' in their shoots and bark; Taxol has shown exciting potential as an anti-cancer drug, particularly in the treatment of ovarian cancers; A compound used to treat diabetes is extracted from the wood, bark, leaves, and roots

Other Products: Brown or red dye is obtained from the heartwood; Oil is extracted from the seeds

http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=497 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42549/0 http://www.pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxus+cuspidata

[hazeltreeid]

Abies homolepis

Nikko Fir

Native to: Central and Southern Japan

Leaves: Evergreen; Simple; about 1.25in long; Needles are slightly notched at the tip

Leaf color: Glossy dark green above and have two white stomatal bands beneath

Fruit: Purplish cones to 4” long

Mature size: Height of 30-50ft; Spread of 20-30ft

Growing conditions: Easily grown in average, medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade; Thrives in cool climates; Does not grow well south of USDA Zone 6

Hardiness zone: 4-6

Permaculture use:

Other Products:  Wood can be used for construction or pulp

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=285027&isprofile=0& http://www.pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+homolepis

[hazeltreeid]

Abies concolor

White Fir

Native to: United States and Mexico

Leaves: Evergreen; Single; 2in long

Leaf color: Blue-green

Flower: Male pollen cones are red to red-purple; Female flower cones are rose red and found in the upper portion of the tree

Fruit: Cones are erect and cylindrical; 4 to 5 inches long; Color is pale green turning purplish as they mature

Mature size: Height of 40-70ft; Spread of 20-30ft

Growing conditions: Sun to part shade; Well-drained, gravelly or sandy-loam soils; Intolerant of clay heavy soils; Cold and drought tolerant

Hardiness zone: 3-7

Permaculture use:

Landscape: Trees may not produce cones and seeds for up to the first 40 years

Medicine: Pitch from the trunk has been used as an antiseptic poultice for cuts, wounds etc; Infusion of the pitch, or the bark, has been used in the treatment of TB; Infusion of the foliage has been used in a bath for relieving rheumatism; Infusion of the pitch and leaves has been used in the treatment of pulmonary complaints

Other Products: Tan colored dye can be obtained from the bark

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c201 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/white-fir http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+concolor https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=abco

[hazeltreeid]

Sphagnum spp.

Sphagnum moss

Native to: Boreal North America

Leaves: Tiny and sometimes slightly toothed. Leaves grow in hair-like tufts close to the stem

Leaf color: Usually light green, but some species have yellow, pink, deep red, or brown leaves

Mature size: 0-4 inches tall

Growing conditions: Wet and boggy areas, acidic (low pH) soil, and generally not found growing in the woods or in water that contains lime

Plant community: Red Maple Swamp

Permaculture use:

Landscape: Can be used to solidify a boundary

Medicine: Peat water possesses astringent and antiseptic properties; when roasted with strong heat, can be used as germicide

Other Products: Can be used to lower pH of soil; can be dried and added to soil to increase moisture retention; extreme absorbency can be used as surgical bandage, sponge, etc.; can use the peat fiber to make cloth or clothing

https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/mossph54.html http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Survival/Pages/sphagnummoss.html http://eol.org/pages/47595/details

[hazeltreeid]

Lycopodium obscurum

Princess moss

Native to: Eastern US and Canada.

Leaves: Evergreen, 0.25in long

Leaf color: Shiny green

Buds: Non-flowering, sporophyllous plant

Fruit:  Cylindrical, yellow, 1½", on tips of upper branches; a dozen or more on a single branch

Mature size: Height of up to 12in; Spread of 1-8in

Growing conditions: Can withstand a wide range of light conditions; Cool temperature climates, fresh and very moist soils, nitrogen-poor soils, and compacted forest floors; Well-drained organic soils, often on sandy loams

Hardiness zone: 3-7

Permaculture use: 

Medicine: Analgesic; Antispasmodic; Decoction can be used as an herbal steam to treat rheumatism; Spores can be dusted onto wounds or inhaled to stop bloody noses; Contains lycopodine poison which paralyzes motor nerves; Contains calvatine which is toxic to mammals

Other Products: Spores are a water repellent and can be dusted to keep things from sticking together; Spores can be used as a talcum powder

http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/ferns/lycopodobs.html https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LYOB http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+obscurum

[hazeltreeid]

Gaultheria procumbens 

Creeping wintergreen

Native to: Eastern North America

Leaves: Evergreen; Rhizomatous, creeping, woody, evergreen groundcover of the heath family; Erect stems clad with glossy, leathery, elliptic to oblong, dark green leaves (to 2” long) rise up from the rhizomes to 3-6” tall

Leaf color: Dark green; Leaves acquire shades of purple in fall

Flower: Showy, Edible; The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by insects; Waxy, nodding, bell-shaped, white flowers (3/8” long) bloom from the leaf axils in early summer (June-July)

Fruit: Flowers give way to edible bright red berries (3/8” diameter) that persist through winter; Leaves and fruit have the aroma and taste of wintergreen

Mature size: Height of 0.25-0.5ft; Spread of 0.5-1ft

Growing conditions: Best grown in organically rich, evenly moist, acidic, well-drained soils in part shade to full shade; Established plants tolerate some dry soils; Plants perform best in climates with cool summers; Space plants 10-14” apart for growth as a ground cover

Hardiness zone: 3-6

Plant community: Oak Hickory; Red Maple Swamp

Permaculture use:

Food: Fruit is edible raw or cooked, can be made into pies or jams; Young leaves can be eaten raw; Leaves can be made into tea; “Oil of Wintergreen” can be distilled from plant and used as flavoring

Wildlife: Berries are an excellent winter food for some wildlife such as pheasant, grouse, squirrels and deer

Medicine: Oil in leaves is anti-inflammatory, analgesic, aromatic, astringent

Other Products: Essential oil can be distilled from leaves and used in food, aromatic uses, or in toothpastes even

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279938&isprofile=1&adv=Gaultheria%20procumbens http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Gaultheria+procumbens

[hazeltreeid]

Comptonia peregrina

Sweetfern

Native to: Eastern US & Canada

Leaves: Multiple stems with loose, spreading branches; Long, narrow, olive-green leaves, the edges of which have rolled back edges and rounded, fern-like division; The leaves are very aromatic when crushed

Leaf color: Rich green, Autumn Foliage

Flower: Flowers are brown catkins that appear before the leaves unfold; White, Green

Fruit: A small nut is enclosed in a bur-like husk; Green, Brown

Mature size: Height of 2-5 ft; Spread of 4-8ft 

Growing conditions: Dry, open woods; roadsides; sandy barrens

Hardiness zone: 3-6

Plant community: Old Field

Permaculture use:

Food: Young fruits are edible; Fresh or dried leaves can be used as a tea; Leaves can be used as a seasoning

Medicine: Leaves are astringent, blood purifier, expectorant and tonic; Tea made from the leaves and flowering tops is used as a remedy for diarrhea, headache, fevers, catarrh, vomiting of blood, rheumatism etc; Cold water infusion of the leaves can be used externally to counter the effect of poison ivy and to bathe stings, minor hemorrhages etc;

Other Products:  Crushed leaves repel insects; Dried leaves can be burnt as incense

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c240 http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Comptonia+peregrina https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=COPE80

[hazeltreeid]

Mitchella repens

Partridgeberry

Native to: North America

Leaves: Simple; Evergreen; Oval or round leaves, 3/4″ in length

Leaf color: Glossy, dark green with whitish veins appearing in pairs

Flower: Four-lobed, funnel-shaped white flowers lightly flushed with pink, 1/2″ in length

Fruit: Small, red berries; 1 berry for each pair of flowers

Mature size: Height of 0-0.25 ft, Span of 0.50-1ft

Growing conditions: Organically rich, medium moisture, well-drained soils in part to full shade

Hardiness zone: 4-9

Plant community: Oak Hickory; Red Maple Swamp

Permaculture use:

Food: Fruit is edible raw; Tea can be made from leaves

Landscape: Can be used as ground cover plant in shady areas

Medicine: Can be used to hasten childbirth and as a tonic for the uterus and ovaries; Tea can be used to delay painful or irregular menses; Astringent; Diuretic; Sedative

http://www.pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mitchella+repens http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b345 https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MIRE

[hazeltreeid]

Rhus typhina

Staghorn Sumac

Native to: Eastern Canada and United States

Leaves: Pinnately-compound, alternate arrangement, lanceolate shape, serrated margin, 1-1.5 ft. long, leaflets 2-4.5 in. long, 4-9 in. wide, leaflets 1-1.5 in. wide, deciduous

Leaf color: Bright green above, lighter green below, yellow-orange-red in autumn

Fruit: Red and fuzzy, 1/8 in. diameter, 6-12 in. panicles

Mature size: Height of 15-25 ft, Spread of 20-30 ft

Growing conditions: Full sun to part shade, dry to medium moisture, well drained soils, tolerates soil pH of 4.5-7.5 but prefers acidic soils, generally tolerant of urban environments

Hardiness zone: 3-8

Plant community: Old Field; Urban Growth

Permaculture use: 

Food: Sumac lemonade can be made from berries

Landscape: Can grow on gravely soils and provide fast cover for windbreaks and preventing erosion

Wildlife: Provides excellent escape and nesting ground cover; Berries are a preferred food source for multiple species and grow into the winter; Recognized by pollination ecologists as attracting large amounts of native bees; Provides nesting materials/structure for native bees

Other products: Roots and inner bark can be boiled to be used as black dye; Tannin rich fruit, bark, and leaves can be used to tan hides

https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RHTY https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=RHTY http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c337 https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/trees/handbook/th-3-59.pdf

[hazeltreeid]

Robinia psuedoacacia

Black Locust

Native to: Continental United States

Leaves: Pinnately compound, alternate

Leaf color: Blueish green, little change in autumn color, each leaf has up to 23 lanceolate ovate leaflets, 7-11 in. long

Flower: White, fragrant, in pendant racemes up to 8 in. long

Fruit: Dry, flat, brown, legume (pods), splits open when ripe

Mature size: Height of 30-50 ft., Spread of 20-35 ft.

Growing conditions: Full sun, dry to medium moisture, well-drained soils, prefers circumneutral soils with pH 6.8-7.2

Hardiness zone: 4-8

Plant community: Old Field; Oak Hickory; Urban Growth

Permaculture use:

Food: Nitrogen fixing (benefit for other plants)

Wildlife: Flowers are a favorite of honeybees and hummingbirds

https://www.gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/robinia/pseudoacacia/ http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c143 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/black-locust-not-recommended https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ROPS https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ROPS

[hazeltreeid]

Fagus grandifolia

American Beech

Native to: Eastern Canada and United States

Leaves: Simple, alternate arrangement, ovate with toothed edges, 2-5 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, monoecious

Leaf color: Dark green, golden bronze in autumn

Flower: Yellow-green, not showy, male and female flowers are separate but on the same tree

Fruit: Triangular nuts enclosed in a prickly husk, edible

Mature size: Height of 50-80 ft., Spread of 40-80 ft.

Growing conditions: Part shade to shade; medium moisture; well-drained soils; prefers acidic soils; intolerant of salt, drought, and wet sites

Hardiness zone: 3-9

Plant community: Northern Hardwood Forest

Permaculture use:

Food: Nutmeats are edible in small quantities raw or cooked; Young leaves can be cooked for greens in the spring; Oil can be extracted from beechnuts and used in food

Wildlife: Edible beechnuts are eaten by many forms of wildlife; Attracts birds and butterflies; Bird nesting site

Other Products:  Oil can be extracted from beechnuts and used in lamps

https://www.gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/fagus/grandifolia/ http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a865 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/american-beech https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=FAGR https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=FAGR