ppl who are sad on valentines day make ME sad ..buy your own chocolate⌠drink a whol bottle of wine ..slap ur own ass.. .liveÂ
Slap your own assâŚ..
Did I stutter ????
Slap
Ya
Own
Ass
ojovivo
todays bird
dirt enthusiast
d e v o n

tannertan36

Origami Around
Keni
Claire Keane
macklin celebrini has autism
Jules of Nature
Cosimo Galluzzi
he wasn't even looking at me and he found me
will byers stan first human second

if i look back, i am lost
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blake kathryn
RMH

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@mehukeitto-blog
ppl who are sad on valentines day make ME sad ..buy your own chocolate⌠drink a whol bottle of wine ..slap ur own ass.. .liveÂ
Slap your own assâŚ..
Did I stutter ????
Slap
Ya
Own
Ass
a baby can be born right now at 12:00, on a wednesday, august 24 in new jersey while another baby is also born in the exact same moment but they are born 9:00, on a tuesday, august 23 in california, these babies that are born at the same moment are technically because of time zones, a concept that we created ourselves, born âhoursâ apart even though really they are born at the same moment just not the same âtimeâ, one will be considered older even though in actuality they are the same
you ever see sappy love posts on your dash and someone puts a name in the tags. Fuck man im rootin for you and Kelsey
Imagine being an actual woman with 20+ years of political experience who has been the actual secretary of state being told that her temperament is a problem by the worldâs angriest cheeto
âEn pidä naisen kanssa oloa pettämisenä, koska olen hetero.â mitä vittua mä oikee katon mitä ton naisen päässä oikee liikkuu
âEn pidä oikealla kädellä lyĂśmistä väkivaltana, koska olen vasenkätinenâ
Voidaanko ruveta kutsumaan kahden naisen välistä seksiä vittuiluksi
me: *goes to nasa* hello i would like to volunteer to be thrown into the sun nasa: u would die me: i beg u
Waiting on a date
She didnât come.
Somebody make this into a happy ending right now
she showed up, she was late cause she had to investigate some smells on the way there
oh thank god
It got better
itâs nice that he has a sense of humor about it.
The man. Â The myth. Â The legend.
am i annoying & a lil ugly? yes. but will i let that get in the way of doing what i love and being happy?? also probably yes
Fun fact: Gender and Sex are both human made constructs designed to describe natural phenomenon but are not actually based in any biological reality. Much like the concept of âspeciesâ, itâs a model, and no model is an actuality - then it would not be a model, it would be a fact.Â
In truth sexual characteristics are diverse and varied and do not always match up with sex chromosomes; also, a sexual âbinaryâ of sorts is not constant amongst all living things, and most organisms have other systems of reproduction.Â
Furthermore, gender is the suite of societally-defined social roles and behavioral characteristics that is typically assigned based on the externally perceived sex of a child; and does not actually have anything to do with biology - even less so than sex. Even though it is assigned based on this externally perceived sex, a personâs gender does not have to remain with the one assigned; much as we donât determine peopleâs careers based on who their parents were anymore, your birth has no limitation on who you are and what gender identity you construct for yourself. Since it is a societally defined construct, people can and do construct more than the two traditional ones, and all are valid.Â
Just because you cannot handle your societally constructed worldview surrounding sex, gender, and genetics being dismantled by sociology & biology itself doesnât mean, additionally, that you have the right to make other people feel unsafe and uncomfortable - in short, that you have the right to remove people from moral consideration - simply because you donât like having your world view being dismantled. Believe it or not, the complexities of human behavior & the diversity of sex and reproduction in life cannot all be covered in a simple high school biology class.Â
So next time you want to say âdidnât you pass biologyâ remember: a biology PhD student, who graduated from the University of Notre Dame with an actual degree in Biological Sciences, has reminded you that youâre wrong.Â
There are more than two genders.Â
The end.Â
Sex is biological tough⌠Itâs not a social construct⌠Itâs not time, racism etc. Itâs a physics attribute.
Why are you trying to argue with someone who said species is a constructed model and not a fact? Youâre not going to change someoneâs mind when theyâre that far down the rabbit hole
Me: Spends 6 years intensely studying biological science and evolution at two major universities with widespread academic acclaim, earning honors and high GPAs and am currently working on a PhD in the subject of biodiversity and evolutionÂ
You: Somehow thinks they know more because you took a couple of classes
Lol
âŚBuddy. Buddy. Dude. I really donât think you want to open this can of worms.
I mean, I know that in school they teach you a very clean, concise, definitive way of doing things and youâve probably learnt something like the definition of a species is a population of organisms that are able to reproduce and produce viable offspring, or something. But I mean literally anyone who has done even undergrad biology can tell you that that statement is incredibly reductive and incredibly controversial in the scientific community [1][2]. In fact, you probably donât even need a background in biology to spot the obvious flaw in the logic there, which is the fact that organisms classified as different species do reproduce and produce viable offspring. Quite a lot, actually. Lions and tigers (Panthera leo and P. tigris), coyotes and grey wolves (Canis latrans and C. lupus)âŚÂ In fact, thereâs even a word for new species arising through hybridisation between existing species - hybrid speciation [3]. The great skua (Stercorarius skua) is believed to be an example of this in animals [4], and another interesting one that may be pretty much hybrid speciation in action (though not nearly anything that can be called a new distinct species yet) is the so-called âEastern coyoteâ, a population of wild coyotes in the eastern US that are mixed with grey wolf and domestic dog, and can contain as much as 40% non-coyote DNA [5].Â
And, in fact, the ability of two organisms to reproduce and produce viable offspring actually has very little with how we choose to classify them, because evolutionary and genetic relationships are rarely that simple. For example, some species that are the same genus - e.g. horses (Equus ferus) and donkeys (Equus africanus) can interbreed, but their offspring are usually sterile [6], while other species that are different genera to each other can interbreed to produce intergeneric hybrids, some of which are even fertile (for example crosses between false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) [7], or between king snakes (genus Lampropeltis) and corn snakes (genus Pantherophis) [8]). Most âexoticâ domestic cat breeds (e.g. Bengals and Savannahs) also fall into this category - for some reason felids are genetically Weird in that a wide variety of species in the family Felidae seem able to interbreed with each other, no matter how different or distantly related they are. I meanâŚ
Look at this shit. Now bear in mind that the domestic cat (Felis catus) is known to be able to interbreed with species in the caracal, ocelot, lynx and leopard cat lineages in addition to those in its own lineage, and if that wasnât bad enough puma/leopard hybrids are a thing that exist. Those species arenât even in the same subfamily, let alone genus or genetic lineage - the leopard is classed as subfamily Pantherinae, genus Panthera (P. pardus) while the puma is classed as subfamily Felinae, genus Puma (P. concolor).Â
[9]
Although these arenât even the most distantly related species that are able to interbreed - domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are known to hybridise with guineafowl [10], and the offspring of these crosses are interfamilial hybrids since chickens and guineafowl are classified in different families (chickens belong to family Phasianidae, guineafowl to family Numididae).
And of course another place where the âable to interbreed and produce viable offspringâ definition falls apart is with organisms that reproduce asexually or without the need for a sexual partner, which is even more complicated when you consider that some species (for example, some species in the paraphyletic whiptail lizard genus Cnemidophorus) are dioecious, meaning they have separate sexes, and reproduce by producing gametes via meiosis, but have actually lost the ability to reproduce sexually somewhere along the evolutionary line - these species reproduce predominantly or entirely by parthenogenesis (essentially a form of self-cloning) and the Y chromosome has been entirely lost in the population. This also ties into hybrid speciation because it is believed that these parthenogenic species arose from hybridisation between two or three sexual species [11][12], leading to polyploid individuals (i.e. those with âextraâ sets of chromosomes) - for example, the all-female parthenogenic species Cnemidophorus neomexicanus is actually a hybrid of two sexual species, Cnemidophorus inornatus and C. marmoratus (or C. tigris, according to Wikipedia), and thus new individuals of this species can be formed either by parthenogenesis in a single C. neomexicanus parent, or sexual reproduction between a male and female C. inornatus and C. marmoratus/C. tigris [13]. Some female parthenogenic species are also able to interbreed sexually with males from sexual species, resulting in hybrids which may or may not also be parthenogenic [14].
So you can ask, well what the fuck is a genus, or a species for that matter, if it doesnât necessarily indicate whether two animals are genetically similar enough to interbreed or not? And, more to the point, is there a strict set of quantitative criteria that defines whether two populations of organisms are classified as the same or different species? And I mentioned speciation, which brings up the question, when exactly in the process of evolution does one species actually become another?
The thing is, there arenât actually definitive answers to these questions - if you ask a bunch of biologists what a species is, itâs likely youâll get different answers. âSpeciesâ also has a number of definitions [15][16], mainly depending on the type of organism being studied and the angle it is being studied from. For bacteria, for instance - where âsimilar enough to reproduceâ really isnât applicable - I think the general consensus is that individuals are grouped together if their genetic similarity to one another is 97-98% or higher, while a similar definition of âorganisms that are highly genetically similar to one anotherâ tends to be used for asexually reproducing organisms such as some plants, and parthenogenic animals like whiptail lizards or Bdelloid rotifers (which does of course raise the question of what exactly âhighly similarâ means - any decided-upon cutoff point will necessarily be somewhat arbitrary). Such groupings of organisms may be referred to as phylotypes to distinguish them from the reproductive definition of a âspeciesâ [17]. Likewise, a lot of ecological writing will define species and speciation according to reproductive isolation, which isnât necessarily synonymous with reproductive compatibility - reproductively isolated populations may be genetically able to reproduce, but be prevented from doing so or unlikely to do naturally so due to differences in geographical location, habitat or behaviour (think lions and tigers). These are some of the many different âtypesâ of species, with either competing or overlapping definitions of what exactly constitutes a species in each case:
Morphological or typological species (morphospecies)
Phylogenetic species
Evolutionary species
Genetic species
Genalogical concordance species
Reproductive species
Autapomorphic species
Ecological species
Recognition species
Phenetic species
Isolation species
Cohesion species
âŚYou get the idea.
For vertebrates, I think generally the two most used definitions are the biological species concept (BSC) and phylogenetic or cladistic species concept (PSC), which differ in their criteria for what they consider a species [18][19]. PSC, for example, doesnât include a subspecies category while BSC does - and thus, some organisms that are classified as subspecies of the same species under BSC are either classified as different species or are lumped together as the same species under PSC. For example, grey wolves and domestic dogs. The domestic dog is/was often considered a separate species to the grey wolf, for obvious (morphological/behavioural) reasons - the wolf was Canis lupus, the dog C. familiaris - but since dogs are descended from wolves (a now-extinct lineage of wolves, not modern grey wolves [20], but Canis lupus nonetheless) they are more properly classified as a subspecies, C. l. familiaris. Likewise, having also ultimately descended from wolves, the dingo is officially classified as C. l. dingo, although there is some debate about that - at one stage I remember it being classified as a âsubspeciesâ of domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris dingo (and itâs still, to my knowledge, widely considered to be descended from domestic dogs [21][22], in which case the second name would be more correct), while still other people classify it as a completely separate species, Canis dingo [23]. You can see why species boundaries and definitions can get murky, especially when the exact evolutionary origins of a particular animal are unknown or hotly contested.
In fact, canids as a whole are kind of a mess when it comes to phylogeny. How many species of wolf there are really depends on who you ask - some populations traditionally classified as subspecies of the grey wolf, for example the Indian wolf (traditionally C. l. pallipes), the Himalayan or Tibetan wolf (traditionally C. l. chanco) and the Eastern wolf (traditionally C. l. lycaon) have been suggested instead to be classified as separate species - Canis indica, Canis himalayensis and Canis lycaon, respectively [24][25]. Likewise, just last year it was discovered that what was thought to be an African subspecies of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) had in fact been misidentified and was instead an undiscovered species of wolf, now the African golden wolf (Canis anthus) [26]. And then thereâs also the fact that, despite being called âjackalsâ, the black-backed and side-striped jackals actually arenât very closely related to the golden jackal, or indeed to any of the rest of the genus Canis [27]. In fact, going by the cladogram below, you can see that the African wild dog and dhole - both of which are classed in their own, unique genera (Lycaon and Cuon, respectively) - are actually placed closer to wolves, golden jackals and coyotes than black-backed and side-striped jackals are, even though both of the latter species are considered part of genus Canis (the black-backed jackal is C. mesomelas and the side-striped is C. adustus). Many sources also say that these two species differ from the rest of the group in that they have only 74 chromosomes, while wolves, coyotes, golden jackals, African wild dogs and dholes all have 78. This makes the moniker of genus Canis somewhat useless when trying to determine exactly how genetically similar these animals actually are to one another.
[28]
And this isnât even touching the issue of the âred wolfâ (Canis rufus), a critically endangered so-called âspeciesâ of wolf closely related to the grey wolf, eastern wolf and coyote, which more recent molecular and genetic analysis has revealed may simply be a wolf/coyote hybrid [29]. Of course these classifications arenât set in stone, either - new studies and discoveries are constantly uprooting and rewriting our knowledge of phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among species. Sometimes itâs also pretty much impossible to accurately represent the relationships between similar-but-distinct populations using only the terms âgenusâ and âspeciesâ, which is where alternate concepts like species complex, subgenus and superspecies come in.
Another feature of evolution and speciation that makes classification difficult is what are known as ring species, in which a series of neighbouring populations of organisms may evolve divergently (i.e. undergo allopatric speciation) in such a way that each geographically adjacent or overlapping population can interbreed with the next, but the last population in the âringâ has diverged to the point that it can no longer interbreed with the first (basically, population A can interbreed with population B, B with C and C with D, but D can no longer interbreed with A).Â
[30][31]
When does the actual split occur, and at what point in the ring can we consider the populations to be different species? We just donât know. (And in some cases this is considerably more messy and complicated than even the ring species model makes it seem [32]). The point is, though, that there is no definitive, universally agreed-upon cutoff point at which we can say with certainty that two organisms have evolved sufficiently as to become different species, any more than you can definitively say where along a rainbow spectrum of colours red becomes orange or orange becomes yellow. The decision whether to lump or split taxa becomes even more arbitrary in paleontology than it is with extant species [33][34] - when youâre working with an incomplete fossil record and pretty much going entirely on morphological similarities since genetic or molecular analysis often isnât possible, there isnât really a way to conclusively determine whether that specimen you found represents a new species, a new genus, or is simply a larger/smaller/juvenile/unfortunate-looking version of an already-described animal. Many specimens now believed to be juveniles of previously-described species were originally believed to be completely new ones - for example, Nanotyrannus is now often (but not universally) agreed to be a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex [35], and Dracorex and Stygimoloch are considered immature specimens of Pachycephalosaurus [36]. And then there was the whole deal where Brontosaurus didnât exist for a while and then it did again and it was all very confusing [37].
Obviously, at the end of the day, a zebra is materially different from a dog in the same way that, to get back to the original topic, a penis is materially different from a vagina (actually a bad analogy since homologous reproductive organs are much more similar to each other than taxa that have been separated for millions of years, but anyway). The biological differences and similarities themselves exist, but any attempt to categorise and quantify them will necessarily rely on socially constructed and frequently arbitrary models, definitions and assumptions. Thatâs basically what science is - a continuous (and frequently wildly inaccurate) attempt to try to make sense of reality. We often attempt to understand or make predictions about reality using mathematical or quantitative models of the situation or by sorting things into sets and categories, which is useful and necessary in many cases but is also often far too simplistic to be taken as any kind of gospel truth regarding the actual nature of reality, because simply put reality doesnât care for or abide by human-made rules and categories. Essentially, weâre trying to find quantitative ways to represent things that are by nature qualitative, and thatâs always going to be arbitrary to some extent. Obviously biological characteristics (whether genetic, sexual/reproductive, etc.) objectively exist and would continue to exist if humans and human culture were to suddenly disappear, and in that sense, things like sex, gender and taxonomic classification can be said to be based in biological reality. But human attempts to define or categorise these characteristics - for example species concepts, the binary model of sex, etc. - are not in themselves biological realities, and are subject to change based on new information. For example, evolutionarily speaking, âreptilesâ (as we traditionally understand them) donât exist [38]. Obviously this doesnât mean that lizards, tortoises, snakes, crocodiles, non-avian dinosaurs etc. donât exist or never existed. It simply means that the socially constructed classification of animals into two distinct, mutually exclusive groups called âreptilesâ and âbirdsâ is completely arbitrary and not actually the result of any inherent biological reality (in fact the opposite).
I mean I know how crappy the highschool biology syllabus can be @valarie-lynn so Iâll also link you to the Wikipedia page on species and the species problem, and also to some more on sex and how itâs just as complicated and arbitrary as the concept of species (from Actual Biologistsâ˘) if youâre interested. Iâll also leave you with a quote from Charles Darwin:
âFrom these remarks it will be seen that I look at the term species as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other, and that it does not essentially differ from the word variety, which is given to less distinct and more fluctuating forms. The term variety, again, in comparison with mere individual differences, is also applied arbitrarily, and for convenience sake .â [39]
âŚBut you know, what would us simple SJWs know about our own fields of study ¯\_(ă)_/ÂŻ  Thank god we have the Pro-Science, Pro-Logic crowd to save us from the liberal Tumblr ârabbit holeâ.
Holy fucking shit
Thank you, my friend, for doing what I was admittedly too lazy to do
Same.
Of course valarie-lynn is right, there is no point arguing with someone who recognizes the complexity of reality when youâre stuck in simplistic binaries. Youâll just get pwned, but it wonât matter because it doesnât fit into your simplistic binaries and will therefore fall into the open space between them where your capacity for critical thought ought to be.
Fun game: read this lengthy and brilliant dismantling of the idea of species being a clear-cut concept, then remember that there are people who believe in the objective genetic reality of race.Â
my response to âyou should see a doctorâ 98% of the time is just âhaha yeah probablyâ followed by me not seeing a doctor
concept: my eating patterns are normal. i am solid and present. my mind never leaves me in the middle of the day. i am capable of focusing and smiling. nothing is wrong.
Jos ne vaan tietäs, mihin me suomee käytetäänâŚ
somebody could literally make the funniest joke in the universe, expertly crafted and hand made like a fine artisan cheese, but itâll never make me laugh as much as that one fucking comic where goofy steals a hat from himself in a different panel and defies all logic and starts crying