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OXIDATIVE AND NON-OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION

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INTRODUCTION: The removal of amino group from the amino acid as ammonia (NH3) is called deamination. A chemical reaction that is catalysed by the deaminase class of enzymes which results in the liberation of ammonia is called deamination and this liberated ammonia is used for urea synthesis. These reactions occur in the liver and kidney of humans. In the kidney, the ammonia which is a result…

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Cholesterol: Sources, Structure and Biosynthesis.

Elevate your online experience with our latest notes on topic, Cholesterol: Sources, Structure and Biosynthesis on our website https://microscopiaiwm.wordpress.com/ . "Unlocking knowledge one post at a time! follow microscopiaiwm #microscopiaiwm

Introduction Cholesterol is an extremely important sterol in the tissues of animals. It is an organic molecule and a type of lipid. It is a fat-like substance, which is waxy in texture, and found in all the cells of our body, as it is essential for carrying out many functions such as synthesis of hormones, synthesis of vitamin D and also acts as an integral structural component of the membranes…

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MITOSIS- its Occurrence, Stages and Significance.

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INTRODUCTION: Mitosis is a type of cell division that takes place in living organisms and it is commonly defined as the process of duplication of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells and distributed during cell division. The process where a single cell divides resulting in two identical cells, each resulted cell contains the same number of chromosomes and…

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Metamorphosis and its type

Unlocking knowledge one post at a time! check out our latest notes on topic-METAMORPHOSIS AND ITS TYPES on our website www.microscopiaiwm.com. A treasure trove of insights, ideas, and inspiration. Dive in, explore, and let the journey of discovery begin!

Metamorphosis is the phenomenon of dramatic developmental changes in which an immature organism turns into a sexually mature form. In this process, large proportions of structural changes occur in such a way that its younger form and older form are unrecognizable. These changes are initiated by endocrine factors and few hormones that will possibly affect every cell in the developing…

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Citric acid production and applications of submerged fermentation

Submerged fermentation is a type of fermentation in which the microorganisms are suspended in a liquid medium. The liquid medium also contains various other nutrients and growth factors in the necessary proportions in a dissolved or a particulate solids form. The main application of submerged fermentation technique is in the extraction of metabolites (secondary metabolites) which are needed to…

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#advantages of submerged fermenta #applications of submerged fermentation #Citric acid production #fermentation #LIMITATIONS OF submerged fermentation #Microorganisms used for the production of citric acid #MicroScopia IWM #msiwm #SUBMERGED FERMENTATION #Submerged fermentation process #Type of bioreactor used for submerged fermentation:#types of fermentation #Uses of citric acid

FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY

Fluorescence microscopy is an essential tool in molecular and cellular biology. It is a technique that allows one to study and visualize the cellular structures and dynamics of tissues and organelles, and macromolecular assemblies inside the cell. It was devised in the early twentieth century by various scientists like Köhler, Lehmann, Reichert and others. The wide utilization of fluorescent…

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#applications of fluorescence microscope #components of fluorescence microscope #Dichroic mirror #Exciter filte #fluorescence microscope #FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY #fluorochromes #fluorophore #instrumentation of fluorescence microscope #mercury arc lamp #microscope #MicroScopia IWM #MICROSCOPY #msiwm #principle of fluorescence microscope

Vaccine

QUIZ ON VACCINE Que 1. Vaccine is prepared by a. weakened microorganism b. toxins c. Surface protein d. all of the above Que 2. The term vaccine and vaccination are coined by- a. Edward jenner b. Louis Pasture c. Robert Koch d. Alexander Fleming Que 3.…

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#mcq #MicroScopia IWM #msiwm #questions #quiz #vaccine #vaccine mcq #vaccine question #vaccine quiz

Inflammation

Introduction Inflammation is part of the complex biological reaction of the tissues of the body to harmful stimuli, such as bacteria, damaged cells or irritants, and is a defensive reaction involving immune cells, blood vessels and molecular mediators. Inflammation has the purpose of removing the initial cause of cell injury, clearing necrotic cells and damaged tissues from the initial insult…

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#Acute inflammation #ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY #biological reaction #Causes that lead to inflammation in the body:#Chronic inflammation #Corticosteroids #immunity #inflammation #Inflammation symptoms #inflammatory responses #INNATE IMMUNITY #MicroScopia IWM #Treatment of Inflammation #types of inflammation

Research methodology

By- Ezhuthachan Mithu Mohanan, ( MSIWM043 ) Research methodology: The method of conducting research, by formulating problems, finding objectives, presenting result is all the crucial steps in any research. Sources of data and population consideration, ethical values, sample determination, methods executing plays a vital role before undertaking the research proposal. Objectives Obtaining novel…

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#alternative hypothesis #data analysis #Formulation of hypothesis:#Identifying Research #literature review&039;#MicroScopia IWM #null hypothesis #objectives of Research methodology #process of Research methodology #research #Research design #Research methodology #testing hypothesis #types of Research reports

Corona Virus

QUIZ ON CORONA VIRUS Que 1: Latin word “corona” means a. Crown b. Lethal c. Spherical d. Contagious Que 2: Coronavirus belongs to _______ subfamily- a. Avulavirinae b. Comovirinae c.…

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Agglutination Reactions

Agglutination is defined as the antigen-antibody reaction in which antibodies cross-link particulate antigens resulting in the visible clumping of particles. Antibodies that show such reactions are called agglutinins. Agglutination reactions work on the principle of cross-linking of the polyvalent antigens. Following are the advantages of agglutination reactions: easy to perform require no…

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#Active agglutination #Agglutination Reactions #agglutinins #antigen-antibody reaction #Bacterial Agglutination #Cellular and Molecular Immunology by Abul K. Abbas – 7thEdition #Hemagglutination #immunology #Kuby Immunology – 5thEdition #microbial lexicon #Types of agglutination reactions

Atopy

Synonym: Localized Anaphylaxis Introduction: Atopy is defined as the tendency of an individual to produce IgE antibodies in response to various environmental antigens and thus develop strong immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) responses. Individuals with allergies to environmental antigens (e.g., pollen, house dust) are atopic. Localized anaphylaxis involves reactions limited to a specific…

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#Allergic Rhinitis #ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBULINS)#asthma #atopic dermatitis (eczema)#atopy #Cellular and Molecular Immunology by Abul K. Abbas – 7thEdition #food allergies #hay fever #hypersensitivity #IgE antibodies #immunology #Kuby Immunology – 5thEdition.#microbial lexicon

Antigen presenting cells

Introduction The population of specialized cells: to capture microbial and other antigens,display MHC complexes in association with these peptide fragments of protein antigens on its surface to lymphocytes, andprovide signals that stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the lymphocytes (co-stimulatory signal) are known as the antigen-presenting cells (APCs). APCs are…

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#ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS #Antigen-Presenting Cells for Effector T -Lymphocytes #antigens #apc cells #dendritic cells #Follicular Dendritic Cells #lymphocytes #macrophages #MHC Molecules.#microbial lexicon #types of antigen presenting cells

Apoptosis

Synonym: Programmed cell death Pronunciation: ah-poh-toh’-sis: Greek, (1) apo- away from and (2) ptosis, a falling or dropping ‘Apoptosis’ has been derived from a Greek word that describes the falling of the leaves from a tree or petals from a flower. This term was coined to differentiate this form of programmed cell death from the accidental cell deaths caused by inflammation or injury…

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#apoptosis #event of apoptosis #genes involved in apoptosis #microbial lexicon #Necrosis #programmed cell death

Aminoglycosides

Introduction: Aminoglycosides comprise a complex group of drugs derived from soil Actinomycetes in the genera Streptomyces and Micromonospora that impairs ribosome function and has antibiotic potential. Examples includes Streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and, amikacin. Mode of Action: This complex group of drugs inserts itself on sites on the 30S ribosomal subunit of the prokaryotes and…

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#Actinomycetes #Aminoglycosides #antibiotics #Drug toxicity of aminoglycosides #drugs #microbial lexicon #mode of action of aminoglycosides #streptomycin #structure of aminoglycosides #Subgroups and Uses of Aminoglycosides #Talaros Foundations in Microbiology – 8thEdition

Enzyme Inhibition

BY- Ezhuthachan Mithu Mohan (MSIWM043) Enzyme Inhibitor: Enzyme inhibitor decreases the rate of reaction by binding to the substrate or decreasing the turnover number. It can be organic or inorganic. The process which decreases the rate of reaction, by either binding to enzymes or making configurationally changes is known as enzyme inhibition. Allosteric Inhibition: When enzyme poses…

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#Allosteric Inhibition:#Competitive inhibitor #enzyme #Enzyme Inhibition #Enzyme Inhibitor #Irreversible inhibition #Noncompetitive inhibitor #Reversible Inhibition #suicide inhibitor #Uncompetitive inhibitor

PLANT DNA EXTRACTION PRACTICAL PROTOCOL

By: N. Shreya Mohan (MSIWM042) AIM– To isolate the DNA from a plant sample THEORY– Plant extractions for DNA is considered one of the tedious methods for high quality DNA isolations. Unlike animal tissues, which have the same tissue type in different species, plant tissues structural biomolecules and metabolites keep changing. Polysaccharides and polyphenols are two very special class…

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#dna isolation #dna isolation from plant #plant dna #PLANT DNA EXTRACTION PRACTICAL PROTOCOL

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