I think we’ve all looked at this scene and at some point thought of how it resembled Michelangelo’s “La Pietà”.
What happens if we dive more into it?
Firstly, let’s have a look at the sculpture itself.
Premise: It’s important to note that this isn’t the only work that portrays Christ, Virgin Mary and the concept of “Pity”. There are, in fact, miscellaneous other pieces, the very firsts being sculptures known as German “Vesperbilder” (which inspired many artists). A few other examples are “The Martinengo Pietà” by Bellini, “Lamentation over the Dead Christ with Saints” by Botticelli (which however presents an “overlap” of bodies) and so on.
Back to our main focus, “La Pietà” (1498-1500) was commissioned to Michelangelo Buonarroti by the cardinal de Lagraulas with the intent of exposing it inside the Chapel of Santa Petronilla. The subject needed to be one that was notorious at the time: Virgin Mary supporting the Dead Christ. Michelangelo was capable of creating a powerful work of art, one that is reminiscent of Greek classicism.
There’s really a lot to say about this sculpture, however I’m only going to point out the most relevant parts of it.
It symbolizes the devotion and compassion of Virgin Mary for her son, her silent sorrow and in contemporary serene resignation in front of his death. Through Christ’s sacrifice is transmitted a message of redemption and hope. Mary’s left hand faces the sky, as if offering Christ’s body, being “lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world”. Christ’s mouth isn’t fully closed, seeming to still hold on the last words of forgiveness conceded to his executioners. His right arm hangs low lifeless, however the veins on it appear almost pulsating. There’s a meeting point between sacred and profane, which permits to ponder both on human life’s fragility and the hope of a divine eternity. Virgin Mary and Christ symbolize the union of life and death, reaching divine perfection together.
But he had to die. It was a necessary means to an end. What I can tell you is that the heavens were falling. The sound, oh– the sound, it was incredible. It was like the Gods were rejoicing for what was done.
Said Alex when interrogated. Nigel HAD to die, he had to be “sacrificed”. The sorrow he felt when holding Nigel’s body became acceptance and resignation to the necessity of Nigel’s death long after, when questioned.
Pray for me. Pray for yourself. We’re one now.
Were Nigel’s last words. In Christian imagery, through prayer, it is possible to reach salvation and redeem from sins. These seem almost words of forgiveness for his executioner, whom we will never really know if it was himself or Alex. It doesn’t really matter in the end, they’re one now, and they’ve united perfectly.
Virgin Mary is also depicted very young, but the reason isn’t for hedonistic purposes, instead beauty has a deeper meaning and redirects to Neoplatonism and Florentine classicism. The philosophical current of Neoplatonism influenced the Italian Renaissance and, consequently, art. Many artists of that time took inspiration from Neoplatonic principles to express philosophical concepts. Among them is, of course, Michelangelo.
Beauty, as mentioned before, has a deeper meaning if we observe it knowing what it represents for Platonism and Neoplatonism. It’s the reflection of the ideas that reside in the hyperuranium (a superior celestial reality in which ideas are tangible entities, and our world derives from it, hence it’s a “copy”). Michelangelo aimed at depicting a transcendental beauty, one that could reach this superior reality. Beauty is the only platonic idea that can be perceived through eyes and it has a connection with the Eros (the desire that drives man to truth, which, for Plato, is goodness).
Let’s also have a closer look at Neoplatonism. Briefly, it’s a doctrine that is the continuation of Platonism (as the name suggests) but at the same time it gathers different elements from different philosophies and philosophers of the past (such as Parmenides, Heraclitus, Pytaghoreans..) and unites them with other new principles. Plotinus is the maximum exponent of this current. He follows Plato’s idea of the hyperuranium and creates a metaphysical system starting from the physical world, stating that everything in the physical world is multiple, and multiplicity can’t exist without unity. Therefore, he elaborates the existence of “the One”.
The One:
is infinite (here infinity gains a positive connotation, since Greeks always viewed it negatively because of the impossibility of calculating it)
can’t contain any multiplicity
is beyond concepts, substance and lacks form
is unthinkable
The One is the first principle, from where everything derives. It is identifiable with goodness and God. The One doesn’t need the world, and the creation of it and its entities is the result of an “overabundance of being”, so a necessity, because the One can’t help but generate. This process of creation is called “emanation” and, surprisingly, can also be inverse. However, the return to the One is a path exclusive to man. Man can ascend to the One through the liberation from the body and material things, and also the dedication to art, love and philosophy. The very pinnacle of human possibilities is the “ecstasy”, a sudden moment, similar to a state of oblivion, that consents man to perceive the One, returning to it and being possessed by it.
Now, all of this was just to say that, coincidentally, Nigel’s last words were “We’re one now.”
Does this phrase have more than one meaning? They’ve united their minds, life and death, and that’s for sure. However, could it also be interpreted like a subtle hint at experiencing the One together and thus being “possessed” by it? Nigel knew he was going to free from his body through death, supposedly returning to where all souls belong.
In conclusion, to dramatize: Alex and Nigel have eternally united life and death together, profane and sacred, and are one, unthinkable, infinite principle.
Did Nigel and Alex actually come in contact with these philosophies? Well, who knows, there’s always a possibility, Neoplatonism also influenced Christianity. I just found a few connected things that I thought could be fun to analyze and share, and of course, it is always up to interpretation! I enjoyed making this and finally made good use of my philosophy classes.
say what you want about the movie, but eddie redymane & tom sturridge acted their asses off in like minds.
as an ex drama student, the monologue delivered by tom sturridge in the hiding spot is phenomenal - his control of his face (making his expressions slightly nuanced or dramatically different within seconds) & deliberate pauses in his speech are incredible work!
they really create a haunting, lasting effect which aligns perfectly with nigel's character.
when eddie redymane cries here, you can really feel the traumatic impact on his character, emphasizing the contrast to his generally passive reactions beforehand.
it is REALLY effective in portraying alex at the peak of his humanity as he's never cried like this before (right before it comes crashing down - given that we know what alex is about to do here.)
the way that nigel here stares at reverend donaldson after he kicks alex out of the classroom gives me goosebumps every time.
there is so much communicated through that look, there's a clear disdain shown here because essentially his shared ideals have been shunned.
(though my forbie heart would also like to believe he was slightly aggravated at the way alex was treated)
also, it is crazy how here you are able to immediately tell in the intro that there is no sanity left behind alex's eyes.
he looks remorseless, while still having a level of poise - when it directly transitions to alex in the cafeteria, it is really like we are seeing a different person - he looks like a deer in headlights.
"what the hell happened to him?" is EXACTLY what pushes you into fully becoming invested in the movie.
eddie redymane's acting honestly has been quite significant in intensifying the debate around alex's culpability, no one could've played him better!
and let's be real, everyone and their moms had an identity crisis after watching LM because tom sturridge acting as nigel was so convincing that he made you believe his world. perfect casting indeed.
i love seeing analyses on this movie and that is so true
like minds is so good because it had two good actors who had been in practically nothing, a probably very low budget, and a well executed dream
everyone say thank you tom sturridge and eddie redmayne
***also i want to add that i love how (imo) tom is able to portray nigel as not just sinister and borderline terrifying, but also just charming enough to entice alex (and all of us) into his mind
An Undergraduate Forensic Viewing of Like Minds (2006) Train Scene
Pray for me. Pray for yourself. We are one now.
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. What We Know
3. The Investigation
4. Bibliography for Nerds
1. Introduction
Some justifications first.
I'm an undergraduate stem student obssessed with many topics, including forensic studies. I just finished a complete course about forensic chemistry/tecnology/law in uni and yes, I'm a big failure of a person and was thinking about applying some of the things I've learned into Like Minds' train scene. To clarify, I'm not an experienced profissional of the field. It is to say, I've never worked in such area and had just one or two significant interaction with said profissionals and students. My considerations won't be 100% accurate, clearly, and I may mistake or ignore fundamental data and studies. I intend solely to present some interesting facts and rapidly discuss their applicability here.
Take everything I say with large grains of salt, this is mostly for my enjoyment.
Let's kill Nigel!
2. What We Know
Figure 1. Visual diagram of forensic ballistics' main areas of study. Some will be mentioned here. [1]
2.1. Ballistics - Anatomy of a Discharge
Ballistics is a science field divided in three main ramifications: (1) Interior Ballistics, (2) Exterior Ballistics and (3) Terminal Ballistics. (1) studies the mechanism of a gun discharge, (2) studies the trajectory and behavior of a projectile once it is ejected from a firegun and (3) studies the damage and overall interaction of the projectile with a material structure (biological or not). [1] Ballistics experts (chemists, some engineers, law experts, etc) ocuppy themselves with many things regarding firearms, a field of work that recuries much study and understading of multiple fields of knowledge such as spectroscopy, law and general legislation, physical properties of chemical coumponds, solid state science, material science, industry production series and others. Some areas of chemistry and biology are of great importance and are commonly used complementarily.
We then understand what bullets are. The component that effectivally hits the target in these scenarios is the actual "projectile".
Figure 2. Simple structure of shotgun (left) and rifle (right) ammunition. [2]
In simple terms, they're composed by (1) a shell that holds everything together, (2) some coumpond responsable for the liberation of gas via chemical reaction and (3) some way to give the heat needed for said reaction to occur. There is a whole field of study and production of these killing objects that seeks out to balance some of their properties in different scenarios by the armamentist industry in oder to supply endless applications that constantly develops new shapes and components, so going through it all would be impossible. Regardless, all ammunition is classified by size, called "gauge" in shotguns, and "caliber" in rifles and handguns. [2]
Case: [in shotguns] It is a small cilindrical piece made out of a tube of common plastic or sturdy paper (the red/blue/colored part) that holds the multiple projectiles to be fired (shots), with a metallic base (the primer) composed of brass (copper and zinc) or steel (iron and carbon). [in rifles] The case is called cartridge case, and it is composed by brass as well. [2]
Powder (or propellant): They are usually Nitroclelullose (handguns), Nitroclelullose/Nitrogliceryn (rifles) and Nitroclelullose/Nitrogliceryn/Nitroguanidyn (long range rifles) [3]. Oversimplifying, organic molecules containing nitro groups (present in Nitroclelullose, Nitrogliceryn and Nitroguanidyn) are really unstable; these chemical groupaments are highly reactive in face of many scenarios. If enough energy is provided (by heating, or mechanical contact and pertubation) they will enter a decompostion process, breaking and reacting with their own bonds spontaneously, liberating gases such as H2O, N2 and CO2. These mentioned gases are much more stable compared to the original organic coumponds, so the atoms will "prefer" to form these species if the conditions are set (thus, a spontaneous reaction). This increases pressure inside the shell and forces the projectile to leave violently as a result of gas expansion. [4] Shotgun powder is composed by potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur; a mixture known as "dark powder", and it is separated from the shot (projectiles; multiple balls of steel, lead, rubber, or really anything) by a small component called "wad". The same principle explained in the decomposition of organic nitro-compounds apply for the potassium nitrate present here, but only in the presence of sulfur (easier to melt and ignite), providing the necessary heat for potassium citrate to generate the oxygen needed, resulting in charchoal's combustion. [2]
Primer: Primers are a fundamental part of any ammunition, and yet a simple one. When a firing pin from the firegun hits them, sparkles and heat will be produced, which gives the propellent all requiered energy for the chemical reaction. It is, when the action lever is pulled, the firing pin is tensioned by a spring inside the gun. When the trigger is pulled, this firing pin hits rapidly the ammunition's primer (metallic base). [5]
Figure 3. Shotgun firing pin scheme. [5]
The discussion of differents powders/propellents (like smokeless powder), projectiles shapes (in rifle cases) and firegun types (other than rifle and shotgun) is being ignored.
All that must be known is: the trigger pulling promotes a mechanical impact against the ammunition base, which promotes chemical reactions that liberate great amounts of gases, increasing the pressure inside the case, what will pushes the projectile(s) inside foward with great speed.
2.2. The Shotgun - Means to An End
We now restrain ourselfs to the firegun. Let us take a look on the following images:
Figures 4-9 (left to right, top to bottom). Shotguns' takes from Like Minds (2006).
Main considerations:
The shotgun used by Mr. Colbie isn't the same one used by Nigel/Alex in the train scene. We can clearly point that by the number of barrels, i.e., two barrels contaning two projectiles (killing Nigel's mother and father without visible activation) in its first appearance, and only a single one in its second appearance. Maybe this has been discussed before.
It is not a narrative problem if we have the eyes for it. Nigel's father possesses two shotguns, so we assume Nigel went back and grabbed the single-barrel one before going after Alex.
The reloading thing would be important during the bedroom scene, between the moments where John shoots his wife and Alex picks up the gun from the floor. There would be no way of aciddentially shooting Mr. Colbie wihout Alex pulling the action on the second barrel (how would he know which one of the barrels were loaded and why Mr. Colbie would only activate one of the two barrels? It appears he wasn't using the shotgun to merely scare his family). Perhaps the double barrel shotgun used has some individual firing feature, perhaps.
Also, the single barrel shotgun is the same one used by John when Alex and Nigel first accessed the hidden baseament together. This isn't of great relevance though.
After a compulsive research in gun sale sites and over 900 models of shotguns (no joking), I'm inclined to believe that Nigel's single barrel shotgun is an Era 410 GA Single Shot Break Action. My conclusions is based on Figures 6 and 9, the shotgun's best takes throughout the entire movie. The important details are: a single barrel, with rounded trigger guard that ends exactly where the wooden stock begins, by a rounded break action lever with squarish shape that leans horizontally to the receiver and a rectangular like forestock. Other smaller details are: the receiver's top shape and really curved back, the declination present on the stock and the three screws' position and size.
The engraved symbols on Colbie's receiver are sculpted by a profssional artist called "engraver", by client's demand. Therefore, these sigils are decorative and probably carry some meaning to the shotgun's real owner, so they aren't a discrepancy to worry about. The frame I acquired (Figure 9) is of poor quality and there's nothing I can read in there besides one or two letters. I've tried to watch the movie in other internet sites but it didn't help that much.
It took me forever, but here it is [6], [7]. There are also youtube videos revewing this gun in the Extra section.
Figures 10-13. Era 410 GA Single Shot Break Action Shotgun. [6]
Note: @laurelwen successfully identified Nigel's firegun as a Boito .410. The text engraved on the shotgun's receiver in Figure 9, in fact, reads "Boito". Check it out on this post. Look up Extra Bibliography No. 7 in the shotgun's section as well.
Shotguns are a really old type of gun from the 16th century. Their mechanisms were adjusted during following centuries, but they remain still to date with an extremely simple way of function. Today, there are many types, including the single-shots and hand shotguns, much different than what was originally conceived. A break shotgun is capable of "breaking in half" for reloading, exposing its ejector/extractor and barrel interior just as many other fireguns. [8]
Figure 14. Break action shotgun anatomy. [9]
The Era 410 GA possesses a specially long length of barrel, which helps projectiles to achieve maximum velocity before leaving. Still, it appears from my research that this is a second hand model with low price, low demand and little historical relevance. This is the type of gun that would be bought mainly by collectors and enthusiasts; however, because of its little weight, good shooting and minimalist elegance, this firegun is not one of the worst models out there for small amateur animal hunting.
A 410 (10.41 mm, one smallest shot diameter in the market) with great pattern of dispersion after the discharge isn't bad, so at medium distances most projectiles would succesfully hit the center of a target. This is not very good when we're talking about a point-blank discharge directly at Nigel's face.
3. The Investigation
Figure 15. "If they had any evidence, I wouldn't be talking to you, would I?"
Authorities arrive at the dark, umid and isolated train tracks. Immediatly, a shocking scene: a desperate young man holding in his arms the corpse of a dead boy, disfigured. They transport the living witness away from the scene, but the lying unknown and deformed body is extracted for further autopsy. Detective McKenzie takes over with Forensic Psychiatrist Sally to interrogate the surviving suspect, Alex Forbes.
After the initial approach and first hours of interaction, the case takes an unexpected form. The question now is, did Alex Forbes shoot the now identified Nigel Colbie alone, or did Colbie participated in his own killing to incriminate Alex?
The police wastes its time thinking about common scenarios described in the book. They know the victim, the place where it happened, the exact gun used and the main suspect. Everything comes down to answering the presented question. Psycological attempts of extracting an answer from Alex by closed sessions with Sally, it is, to try and build a thrust and comfort relation with the suspect in order to obtain a confession would be protocol. But Alex clearly is beyond that, and if we must say, he's in control the whole time.
All that is left for the police is to attach towards factual evidences. Now, we describe two fundamental forensic elements of a gun-related crime.
Gunshot Residues (GSRs)
GSRs are one of the strongest evidences when it comes to forensic studies. Being composed of burnt and unburnt organic or inorganic particles from the explosive primer from the shell, propellant and possibly fragments of the bullet, cartridge case, and even the firearm, they frequently contain elements such as Sb (antimony), Ba (barium), Pb (lead) or Zn (zinc), Cu (cooper), and Ti (titanium). Their deposition concentrates away from the firearm into the shooter's (arms, face, hands and chest mainly) and victim's (region of contact mainly) bodies. GSRs can be found in nearby surfaces as well, such as the floor, ceiling, walls, objects, clothes, etc. The direct deposition of these residues must be carefully used as evidence because of its irregular distribution on the surrounding enviroment after the discharge. Thus, the main factors are always the chemical composition and concentration spots. Shotgun shots (the small spherical projectiles) are usually made up of lead or lead/antimony, but some ammunitions use steel, zinc-plated steel, tungsten and bismut in substitution (So, in our case, we can expect more significant ammounts of antimony/lead or zinc, iron and carbon). [10], [11]
A 410 ammunition is classified as "birdshots" ammunition, used for hunting said animals. The little diameter of projectiles allows the carrying of multiple projectiles inside one shell, facilitating the execution of small moving targets. The potential damage mustn't be underrated, though.
The aforementioned substances/elements can be detected, investigated, and quantified using microscopy, chemical analytical and chemometric methods, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). All these techniques are extensively known and applied in uncountable areas of science for identification and characterization of solid materials. In a nutshell, these methods revolve around the interaction of matter with radiation (such as X-Rays) and the energy absorved/emitted by it after the interaction. The SEM is a most usefull analysis for it can provide real images of micro structures and particles present above any surface, like clothings, skin, fifregun metal and others, if properly prepared. [10]
It is important to understand that these identification methods are of extreme precision and sensibility, it is, minimal concentrations can and will be detected inneviatbly.
Figure 16 and 17. (Left) Image of gunshot powder residues dispersed in the air after discharge. Top left and (Right) images refer to SEM "photos" of extremely small particles of GSRs that can be chemically analyzed. [12], [13]
What about the lifespan of these residues? In long terms, the shooter's trigger hand (right hand) seems to contain most of the residues that persist for a fair amount of time after the discharge. [10] Unffortunately, the mentioned study occured in controlled enviroments, which is not the case. Another work [14] concludes that most GSRs are lost after two-four hours from the discharge. Considering the fast action from authorities described in the movie, we can basically ignore this factor and consider other variables.
Figure 18. "All I can tell you, was that the heavens were falling. And the sound... it was incredible. It was like the Gods were rejoicing for what was done."
Backspatter Material (BM)
Figure 19. Distribution of Forward Spatter and Backspatter caused by a shot at a biological target. [1]
We hereby exclude the forward spatter, it is, the biological material projected fowards with the projectile (to the back of Nigel's head), for its little relevance, since we're not questioning the type of gun or ammunition used; we assume that Alex is describing a resonable scenario that matches with the actual damage done to Nigel. There are no consistent reasons to question this since everythings seems to support Alex's description of this.
BM comes from the combined forces of several interacting wound and ballistics effects. The collapse of the wound cavity and balance of resulting overpressure, the stream of liquid and tissue particles accelerated along the lateral surface of the projectile, the shot's contact and ejection of muzzle gases out of the entry wound from the powder cavity... Every surrouding surface must be investigated, that is, even the shotgun barrel's interior. This small ambience is fairly protected from external pertubations and houses BM from the shot. Considering the poximity with Nigel's face, we can almost assure to encounter biological material with DNA inside. The bellow mentioned study cites another work where a 9 mm pistol cointaned backspatter material from test targets even at a distance larger than 1 meter, much greater then the few inches that separated Nigel's face from the barrel. [1]
Matter of fact, this biological material can pass by processes of Organ Tissue Identification (OTI) and Body Fluid Identification (BFI) if Nigel's identity was at question, or if we desire to understand more profundly the projectile's damage caused to his skull/face/tissue. [1]
Figure 20. "None of what I've heard makes him a murderer."
So, how can we gather this up to develop the investigation? Utilizing only these two fundamental concepts, we can make a few assumptions.
The big question here is if whether or not Nigel's hands were present by Alex's when the trigger was pulled, which would lead the police to support or oppose Alex's narrative. Chemical examination with organic solvents (which won't cause preocupant harm to a dead body) and analytical methods could immediatly point to the presence of GSRs or biological/non biological BM. If Nigel's hands were elevated in his head level (or superior) in the instant of discharge, trace amounts of discussed metals/elements coming from the firing mechanism and ammunition, as weel as little to some biological material, would definetly be found in his hands and forearm skin since there was no clothing covering. Any substance found in his hands/forearm could be microanalytical compared to the ones present in Alex's hands, clothes and face as well. This could be done with really small samples of fresh skin. On the other hand, if Nigel's arms were lowered at the instant of discharge, we could still expect the presence of GSRs in his arms (yet, in less amounts) but the abssence of backspatter materials most certantly. This would classify Alex as a murderer without excuses, even if he alleged that Nigel asked for it.
In the scenario where Alex discharges at Nigel from a great distance (configuring simply murder) we could note the abssence of GSRs in every part of Nigel's body except for the targeted region (perhaps if they were at a greater distance to each other) and the presence of these GSRs in Alex, but in much higher concentration.
But the enviromnent's conditions are of primordial importance. Nigel and Alex stand in an open area, with considerable wind, heavy rain and gravel soil. The heavy rain could simply carry way much of these residues from Alex's body, clothes and Nigel's hands as well. Most GSR would probably be lost to those conditions and its deposite upon the soil's surface would be extremely hard to be quantitatively analized due to unknown degrees (elevated) of impurities and diverse materials and dirt present, but qualitative tests would still be valid.
The knowledge about the victim, crime scene, shooter, exact firegun and time of the tragic event allied with the fast action from authorities saves most of the police's efforts on identifiying and tracking down evidences. However, what remains still offers a challenge. The best evidence here, GSRs left by the discharge, would be of questionable help considering the presence of heavy rain in sight. Still, analitical quantities of them, if detected in Nigel's skin by proper chemical and espectroscopy-related analysis, can be used to comparate probable ammounts present in Alex's clothing and skin (despite the difficult of such). With that being said, the police would find themselves in a much more complex case of muder/assisted suicide, and further evidences and information about their relationship and recent whereabouts would ineviatably need to be extracted from external sources (such as parents, school's employess, close friends and students). Despite all this, Alex's final acting of removing Susan's body and disapearing from sight (not to mention the card left in Sally's car) immediatly sustent his guilt in a case where he already was the main suspect and basically confirmed criminal. And you know, breaking into a cemetery and extracting a corpse from its grave is definetly worth of some jail time. The Colbie's House Murder would certainly incriminate Alex for homicide as well, and the current Brotherhood's little political influence wouldn't prevent him from this destiny, as it appears. But the case is not over.
Further evidences were to be discussed, if it was not for the dissapearing of Alex Forbes.
The subject now roams unknowingly through England with mysterious intents. Its participation on the described case still lacks formal arguments and the Court should now approve his arrest warrant and search decree. Alex Forbes will most probably live to perpetrate the deluded fantasy responsable for the death of three young students in order to carry the sacred holy burden of an ancient templar bloodline.
Yet, we pray.
Who's the enemy now?
We are.
4. Bibliography
[1] Euteneuer J, Courts C. Ten years of molecular ballistics-a review and a field guide. Int J Legal Med. 2021 Jul;135(4):1121-1136. doi: 10.1007/s00414-021-02523-0. Epub 2021 Feb 16. PMID: 33594457; PMCID: PMC8205864.
[2] https://spotterup.com/how-ammo-works/
[3] Serol, M.; Ahmad, S.M.; Quintas, A.; Família, C. Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues. Molecules 2023, 28, 5550. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145550
[4] Guanchao Lan, Jing Li, Guangyuan Zhang, Jian Ruan, Zhiyan Lu, Shaohua Jin, Duanlin Cao, Jianlong Wang, Thermal decomposition mechanism study of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO): Combined TG-FTIR-MS techniques and ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulations, Fuel, Volume 295, 2021, 120655, ISSN 0016-2361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120655.
[5] https://www.hunter-ed.com/national/studyGuide/How-the-Shotgun-Shoots/201099_92815/
[6] https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/era-410-ga-single-shot-break-action-shotgun-131-c-8284a72a5b
[7] https://firearmland.com/item/1079096107
[8] https://www.letsgoshooting.org/resources/articles/shotgun/meet-the-shotgun/
[9] https://www.atf.gov/firearms/firearms-guides-importation-verification-firearms-ammunition-and-implements-war-top-break
[10] Virginie Redouté Minzière, Céline Weyermann, Organic and inorganic gunshot residues on the hands, forearms, face, and nostrils of shooters 30 min after a discharge. Science & Justice, Volume 64, Issue 5, 2024, Pages 557-571, ISSN 1355-0306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2024.08.002.
[11] Joshua Hallett, Michael Stolk, Michael Cook, K. Paul Kirkbride, Examination of gunshot residue arising from shotgun cartridges containing steel, bismuth or tungsten pellets. Forensic Science International, Volume 306, 2020, 110096, ISSN 0379-0738, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110096.
[12] https://www.bka.de/EN/OurTasks/SupportOfInvestigationAndPrevention/ForensicScience/PhysicalEvidence/Homicide/GunshotResidue/gunshotresidue_node.html
[13] Francesco Saverio Romolo, Pierre Margot, Identification of gunshot residue: a critical review. Forensic Science International, Volume 119, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 195-211, ISSN 0379-0738, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00428-X.
[14] Jalanti, T & Henchoz, P & Gallusser, Alain & Bonfanti, M.S.. (1999). The persistence of gunshot residue on shooters’ hands. Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society. 39. 48-52. 10.1016/S1355-0306(99)72014-9.
Extra
random materials, take a look
1. Chemistry of Explosives (book pdf) https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-0589-0_5
2. ERA 410 GA video 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGWm2aaWVAc&ab_channel=SteadFastCourage
3. ERA 410 GA video 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2S16C5Y6lxY&ab_channel=esquad540
4. Quick discussion about Smokeless Powder on r/guns
https://www.reddit.com/r/guns/comments/1tawwm/things_i_want_you_to_know_about_smokeless_powder/#:~:text=Because%20of%20something%20called%20oxygen,and%20temperatures%2C%20leading%20to%20fouling.
5. A little on the kinetic energy of specific projectiles (everything applies here as well) https://nodoroc.com/d/node/20
6. A little more on ammunition Caliber https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/bullets2-types.htm#google_vignette
For the sake of archieving, here are some shotguns I've separated to double check during my research until the Era 410 GA appeared. Curious enough, number 7, called "boito", appears to be another common name given to Era 410. Woops.
"We find at the basis of the grotesque imagery a special concept of the body as a whole and of the limits of this whole. The confines between the body and the world and between separate bodies are drawn in the grotesque genre quite differently than in the classic and naturalist images. […] The grotesque body, as we have often stressed, is a body in the act of becoming. It is never finished, never completed. […] Moreover, the body swallows the world and is itself swallowed by the world."—Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Hélène Iswolsky, Indiana University Press, 1984.
"What makes the madman so upsetting in that, in the typical manner of all grotesques, he escapes beyond our ready definition. Mad behavior brings into our experience of human nature an unpredictable factor, which in its refusal to be isolated and explained away, leaves us insecure and powerless before it. Human nature takes on ominous overtones in the insane person because the madman, like the freak, leaves us uncertain as to what human nature is and consequently what our nature is."—Geoffrey Galt Harpham On the Grotesque: First Principles
I got the quotes from some essays on the topic of grotesque. Found the original sources but will link if anyone is interested.
how it feels like when you start yapping about an obscure movie that maybe 5 people have watched but it has burrowed so deep in your brain you can’t stop
