ordinary-languages

native english ↗︎ german ↗︎ italian ↗︎ turkish ↗︎ french  ↗︎ danish ↗︎ etc

[valla-chan]

Crazy how every language fully understood cats when they named them. Cat, Gato, Neko, Chat, Katze, Qitta, Mao... Like yeah all of you are just 100% correct

[neristudy]

Learning German & Staying alive

☄  https://german.net/ - free online resource with some tests, text, and planty more. Great for reading and reading comprehention;

☄ https://germanwithlaura.com - great course that explains grammar a bit more manageable;

☄ https://www.clozemaster.com - somewhat of a duolingo-copy, gamification at ift greatest. From 100 to 50 000 common words in context, can be used for free;

☄ https://wunderdeutsch.com/uk/grammatik-null-u/ - grammar, but in ukrainian. Helpful;

☄ https://golernen.com/ - more grammar, with ukrainian language avaliable;

☄ https://piracywhiskeypoetry.tumblr.com/post/136460408137/language-resources-masterpost - masterpost with multiple language;

☄ https://mein-deutschbuch.de/grammatik.html - another damn grammar

☄ https://www.quia.com/web - tests, some fun stuff.

sheesh I would need to make it pretty, but for now will do

[ricardastudies-deactivated20170]

Language Resources Masterpost

[piracywhiskeypoetry]

soon-to-be-polyglot:

I hope that this post makes it easier to find what you are looking for!

General

Community: lang-8, SharedLingo, Livemocha, unilang, LingQ, gospeaky

<10 languages: languagehelpers, Miscositas, SayJack, languagereef, saysomethingin, languagerealm 10-20 languages: languages online, elanguageschool, linguanaut, learnlangs, speak7, languageguide, ielanguages, learnalanguage, nativlang, rocketlanguages 20-50 languages: FSI Language Courses, surfacelanguages, BBC, +50 languages: Learn101, Omniglot, UniLang, the joint language university, Göthe Verlag, iLanguages, loecsen, parleremo, polymath, mylanguages, 101languages, digitaldialects, Language Materials Project Conjugation: verbix, conjuguemos, Cooljugator Interactive learning: Busuu, Duolingo, Memrise, languagepod101, babadum Pronunciation: Forvo Listening: Easy Languages, Dingo Lingo, bookboxinc, Fluentu, lyricstraining, mamalisa Reading: bliubliu, multilingualbooks, lingvist, Project Gutenberg, polyglotproject, grimmstories, lonweb, interlinearbooks Test & Exercises: göthe-verlag Vocabulary: Most common words, Anki, internetpolyglot, Word Frequency Lists, ASJP Grammar & Spelling checker: languagetool

Here’s my dictionary masterpost!

Afrikaans

Dictionaries: rieme PDF: Grammar of Afrikaans Websites: easyafrikaans, wespeke, heinsuniverse, wikibooks Youtube: learn afrikaans, STEOHENSTONE

Albanian

Dictionaries: argjiro PDF: Albanian Grammar, Peace Corps Albanian, Grammatical Sketch Websites: learnalbanianlanguage, utexas, albanianoverview, Youtube: learnalbanianonline, violagj, Learn Albanian by IALC Group

Amharic

Dictionaries: amharicdictionary, abyssinica PDF: Amharic Basic Course 1, Amharic Basic Course 2 Websites: amharicteacher, learnamharic.ning, learn amharic!, learnamharicnow, amharic.com Youtube: Learn Amharic Ethiopian Language, Learning Amharic Language, MsBissirat

Arabic

Dictionaries: arabdict, almaany, firdaous, lisaanmasry (egyptian), PDF: the Arabic Alphabet, Easy Arabic Grammar, Verbs & Grammar, Colloquial Levantine Arabic, FSI Arabic

Peace Corps Arabic (Chad)

Peace Corps Arabic (Jordanian Arabic Grammar)

Peace Corps Arabic (Mauritania): Hassaniya Grammar Lessons, Grammar

Peace Corps Arabic Moroccan Arabic Textbook

Peace Corps Arabic (Tunisia)

Websites: talkinarabic, arabiconline, learningarabic, salaamarabic, learnarabiconline, madinaharabic, arabic-studio, arabic-alphabet, arabic-course, desert-sky, learning.aljazeera.net, Egyptian Arabic Grammar, SpeakDziri Youtube: Learn Arabic with Maha, Arabic for beginners, arabicpod101, learn lebanese arabic, NassraArabicMethod.com, learn arabic, everyday arabic, Saifi Institute For Arabic Language, ArabicWithNadia, learnarabiclanguage

Armenian

Dictionaries: nayiri, english2armenian PDF: Armenian for everyone, Eastern Armenian for the English-speaking World, Peace Corps Armenian Websites: Armenian Language Lessons, arak29, little Armenia, Aybuben Youtube: Garegin Avetisyan, Karim Musallam           Reading: Haybook. Armenian ebooks

Basque

Dictionaries: elhuyar, euskaltzaindia PDF: Course of Basque, A brief grammar of Euskara Websites: Habe Ikasbil, Hiru, A Brierf Grammar of Euskara Youtube: Learning Basque

Bengali

Dictionaries: bdword, english-bangla PDF: Peace Corps Bengali Websites: Learn to Read Bengali, bangla bolo, virtualbangladesh, bengali podcasts, bangalinet, wikibooks, mybengali, bangla-online Youtube: Enchantress, talkingbees, Barnamala Online Bengali School- BOBS, Learn the Bengali Language

Bulgarian

Dictionaries: diri PDF: FSI Bulgarian (1) (2), Peace Corps Bulgarian, Bulgarian Grammar, Frase Book Bulgaria Travel, Basic Course Websites: Elementary On-Line Bulgarian Grammar, blazingbulgaria, bulgarianlessons, learn-bulgarian.net, Easy Bulgarian, Bulgarian grammar drills Youtube: Merli Uchida, Vasil Todorov, Learn Bulgarian Easily, bulgarianpod101, I learn Bulgarian (Аз уча български)

Burmese

Dictionaries: burmese-dictionary, myordbok PDF: elementary hand-book of the Burmese language Websites: The Free Online Burmese Lessons, seasite, Learn Burmese online, salika, Burmese Script, University of London Youtube: Burmese Lesson, Prof. Bo, maung Lu, BurmeseLanguage, myanducation’s channel, Kenneth Wong, fissace

Cantonese

Dictionaries: cantodict PDF: Basic Cantonese, FSI Cantonese (1) (2) Websites: Learn Cantonese, Learn Cantonese 學廣東話, Cantonese Lessons, Learn Cantonese with Free Lessons, popupcantonese, hkmz, Cantonese Podcasts, wikibooks Youtube: EZCantonese, Cantonese Lessons, LearnCantoneseFast, CarlosDouh, cantoneseclass101

Czech

Dictionaries: seznam, slovnik PDF: Grammar of Czech as a foreign language, Czech Grammar, FSI Czech Websites: ilearnczech, locallingo, the little czech primer, czech grammar, Outline of Czech Grammar, czech-in-prague, wikibooks Youtube: onlineczech, Learn Czech Online, Learn Czech with Rich, czechclass101 CCE: Czech Language Certificate Exam

Danish

PDF: Danish, an essential grammar Websites: Danish Grammar, speak danish, Danish Grammar for English Speakers, copenhagencast Youtube: Danish Lessons with Marty, Danishclass101, TheDanishLessons

Dutch

Dictionaries: mijnwoordenboek, woordenlijst, vandale PDF: Dutch: a comprehensive grammar, Dutch: an essential grammar Websites: learndutch.nu, learndutch.org, taalthuis, dutchgrammar, heardutchhere, dutch for kids Youtube: Learn Dutch With Rozemarijn, learndutch, OnlineDutchLessons, dutchpod101    Conjugation: verbuga Reading: wikikids, kinderverhalen, 1001korteverhalen Listening: 2bdutch

English

Dictionaries: yourdictionary, Dictionary of Unusual Words PDF: Oxford guide to English grammar Websites: English as a Second Language Podcast, english grammar, english banana, perfect-english-grammar, learn-english-online, learnenglish, learnenglish-online, alison Youtube: Voice & Accent Training, Daily Video Vocabulary, Learn English with Let’s Talk, Englishclass101 Grammar & Spelling checker: spellcheckplus

Esperanto

Dictionaries: majstro Websites: lernu, esperanto-chicago, esperantofre, The Sixteen Rules of Esperanto Grammar Youtube: American Esperantist

Estonian

Dictionaries: dictionary.ee, dukelupus, eki.ee PDF: The Estonian Language, Grammatical Case in Estonian Websites: engetranslations, keeleklikk, panglosskool, Estonian language blog, Estonian Language Course, Estonian Morphology Guide Youtube: Little Miss Squirrel

Farsi

Dictionaries: dictionary-farsi, farsidic PDF: FSI Spoken Persian, Persian for Beginners, Websites: easypersian, PersianDee, jahanshiri, learn-persian, persian language online, Persian Online, Virtual Persian, Let’s Learn Persian, persian grammar guide, chaiandconversation Youtube: Farsi Wizard, Farsi or Persian, Persian Online Academy, Reza Nazari, persianpod101

Finnish

Dictionaries: kaannos, fincd, ilmainensanakirja PDF: FSI Conversational (Textbook) (Workbook), Finnish for Beginners Websites: uuno, tavataan taas, uusi kielemee, a taste of finnish, venla, Finnish grammar, thefinnishteacher Youtube: inFinnish, finnishpod101 Reading: puhutaan-suomea

French

Dictionaries: linternaute PDF: French Pronunciation

Peace Corps French (Cameroon)

Peace Corps French (Mali)

FSI French (1) (2) (Belgium)

Websites: frenchstepbystep, french-today, french-online, talkinfrench, lingvist, frenchtutorial, bonjour, français interactif, the french experiment, frenchcrazy, frenchbyfrench, lawless french, tex’s french grammar, Allons!, phonetique Youtube: Alexa Polidoro, FRENCH FROM BEGINNERS TO ADVANCED, Comme une Française, YouLearnFrench, frenchpod101, Frencheezee Grammar & Spelling checker: bonpatron Reading: historiettes Listening: news in slow french

Fulani

PDF: Fula Basic Course, Peace Corps Pulaar (Mauritania) (Gambia), LEARNER’S GUIDE TO PULAR  Websites: Adamawa Fulfulde Youtube: FulanITales, Learn Fulani Online

Georgian

Dictionaries: translate.ge PDF: Georgian Grammar, Peace Corps Georgian, a learner’s grammar Websites: georgian-language, THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE , georgianweb, georgian language & culture, funkygeorgian, Youtube: learn Georgian language, Georgian Language, საბავშვო არხი

German

Dictionaries: langenscheidt, duden PDF: FSI German (1) (2) Websites: german-grammar, deutsch-lernen, dw, umich, learn-german-easily, canoo, flageorgia, Basic German, germanlanguageguide, german.net Youtube: Deutsch für Euch, Lern Deutsch mit Herrn Antrim, germanpod101, DW – Deutsch lernen, Deutsch Lernen Conjugation: cactus2000 Reading: Leselupe, germanstories Listening: slowgerman, Kindergeschichten Goethe-Zertifikat: Goethe-Zertifikat TestDaF: What is the TestDaF?

Greek

Dictionaries: greek-language PDF: FSI Greek (1) (2) (3) Websites: filoglossia, greek grammar, kypros, greek language, Learning Greek Videos, agni, ellopos Youtube: linaaaap1, Christos, Papaloizos Publications - Learn Greek the Easy Way, greekpod101

Hausa

PDF: Introduction to the Hausa Language, Hausa Basic Course, Hausa Grammatical Sketch, Hausa language Websites: Teach Yourself Hausa, Hausa Basic Course, Youtube: MSUHausa, Hausa Lessons

Hebrew

Dictionaries: morfix PDF: FSI Hebrew Websites: teach me hebrew, hebrew, learn hebrew pod, free hebrew, hebrewverb, learn hebrew easily, do it in hebrew, hebrew-courses, Youtube: Matan Stein, Learn to Speak Hebrew, Ori Ben, bnaiorpueblo, hebrewpod101, eTeacherHebrew           Conjugation: hebrew-verbs

Hindi

Dictionaries: hindi-english PDF: Learn Hindi through English Websites: hindi grammar online, learning-hindi, virtual hindi, mind ur hindi, a door to hindi, hindilanguage, learn hindi online, hindiGym, hindikunj Youtube: LEARN HINDI with Anil Mahato, itwasnoteasy, CrazyLassi, Spoken Hindi, hindipod101, learn hindi through english Writing: Devanagari script tutor

Hungarian

Dictionaries: topszotar PDF: FSI Hungarian (1) (2), Practical Hungarian Grammar, Websites: hungarianreference, magyarora, hungarotips, hungarian-language-teacher, Hungarian Language Page, Let’s learn Hungarian, A Hungarian Language Course, wikibooks Youtube: HungarianProject, Teacher Hungarian, Eszter Gottschall, Dolores Kostić, Hungarian Lesson With Zsuzsi, survivinghungary, hungarianpod101

Icelandic

Dictionaries: snara PDF: The Syntax of Icelandic Websites: icelandiconline, icelandic grammar exercises, An Icelandic minigrammar, Viltu læra íslensku?, Icelandic Grammar Notebook, wikibooks Youtube: Cool Icelandic Lessons, TransparentIcelandic Conjugations & declensions: Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls

Indonesian

Dictionaries: kamus, sederet PDF: students guide to indonesian grammar, Peace Corps Indonesian (1) (2) (3), Understanding Indonesian Grammar Websites: bahasaKita, beginning Indonesian, Learning Indonesian Online, the indonesian way, Learning Bahasa Indonesia, bahasa-corner, seasite, indodic, learning Indonesian, wikibooks Youtube: iracarolina2001, learn indonesian, indonesianpod101

Irish

Dictionaries: focloir, potafocal PDF: how the language works, Websites: easy irish, daltai, irishlanguage.net, nualeargais, erinsweb, easyirish, gaeilge.ie Youtube: Speak Irish Now LLC, Easy Irish/Gaeilge/Gaelic, Transparent Irish, Irish Language Lessons, Dale Kelly, Gaelic Galore

Italian

Dictionaries: garzantilinguistica PDF: Modern Italian Grammar, Basic Italian, FSI Italian (1) (2) Websites: italian-online, oneworlditaliano, onlineitalianclub, la grammatica italiana, italianlanguageguide, cyberitalian, Free Internet Italian Grammar, zapitalian, iluss, Test your Italian on line, poliglo, italianizeyourself, mitspeakitalian, audibleitalian Youtube: Pensa in Italiano!, Italian for Beginners, italianpod101, Learn Italian with Lucrezia, Sgrammaticando Conjugation: italian-verbs, Coniuga i verbi Reading: ilnarrastorie, vikidia CILS / CELI: Esempi prove di esami, Italian Diploma exam samples, Diploma CILS

Japanese

Dictionaries: jisho, tangorin, PDF: Japanese Grammar Guide, An Introduction to Japanese Syntax, Grammar & Language, Let’s learn Japanese (1) (2) Websites: thejapanesepage, guidetojapanese, freejapaneselessons, learn-japanese-adventure, japaneseclass, nihongoichiban, Visualizing Japanese Grammar, marugotoweb, tofugu, jplang, eigo21 Youtube: LearningJapanese, japanesepod101 Writing: skritter, kanjidamage, kana-invaders, Kanji alive JLPT: jlpt.jp, jlpt-practice, jlptbootcamp, JLPT Level

Kannada

Dictionaries: shabdkosh PDF: kannada lesson, Kannada Manual, Websites: kannadabaruthe, Spoken Kannada, learn Kannada, languagereef Youtube: Learn Kannada Language, Learning Kannada

Kazakh

Dictionaries: lugat PDF: Peace Corps Kazakh Websites: Grammatical Sketch with Affix List, my astana, Kazakh phrasebook Youtube: Maksat Imangazi

Khmer

Dictionaries: angkor-planet, kheng PDF: FSI Cambodian (1) (2), Khmer Grammar Websites: seasite, naturalkhmer, Bong Thom, learnkhmernow, i speak khmer Youtube: CambodianSchool, Khmer Lesson, Khmer Lessons

Korean

Dictionaries: naver, daum, ybmallinall PDF: Korean From Zero 1, my korean 1, my korean 2, a grammar guide, FSI Korean Course (1) (2), Essential Grammar Websites: kosnet, talktomeinkorean, korean grammar plus, zkorean, howtostudykorean, soganguniversity, learnkoreanlp, korean language education center, Matthew’s Study & Reference Guide, cuk.edu, indiana, learnkorean, lets learn korean, berkeley university, learnkoreanlanguage, genkikorean, wikibooks, grammar dictionary, indiana.edu, korean-course, Youtube: KBS World TV, talktomeinkorean, Free Korean Lessons 101, fluentkorean, GO! Billy Korean, koreanclass101, 뽀로로 Conjugation: hangulsoup, dongsa TOPIK: TOPIK Guide, 날다람쥐

Latin

Dictionaries: latin-dictionary PDF: Beginner’s Latin Book, Latin for Beginners, New Latin Grammar Websites: Latin Grammar Resources, beginner’s latin, i learn latin, nugae latinae Youtube: latintutorial, The London Latin Course, Latin Lessons

Latvian

Dictionaries: letonika, dictionary PDF:  Latvian: an Essential Grammar, Peace Corps Latvian Websites: The Latvian Language, Latvian Grammar, learning latvian, Kursa satura rādītājs, learn latvian online Youtube: LearnLatvian, LatvianWords4u, Learning Latvian with Lienite

Lithuanian

Dictionaries: anglu-lietuviu, dict.lt PDF: A short grammar of Lithuanian Websites: saylabas, Lithuanian Language Lessons, debeselis, lithuanian out loud, Hermes Youtube: videomokykla, Learn Lithuanian, LithuaniaForYou, Lithuanian language, LTvideocourse

Mandarin

Dictionaries: dict.cn, linedict.com, mdbg PDF: Peace Corps Mandarin, FSI Chinese Websites: arch Chinese,  chinese-tools, yoyochinese, popupchinese, cctv, sinosplice, most commom characters, Basic Chinese, Intermediate Chinese, mitlearningchinese, chinesehacks, pinyinpractice Youtube: Fiona Tian, yangyang cheng, learnchinesewithemma, Chineseclass101, minnaxiao, learn chinese now Reading: chinesereadingpractice Writing: skritter HSK: Important HSK Test Practice Materials, HSK Vocabulary and Sample Tests, HSK tests levels 1-6, Past papers

Marathi

Dictionaries: shabdkosh Websites: my marathi learning, mind ur marathi, kaushiklele-learnmarathi, languagereef Youtube: APPUSERIESMARATHI, Kaushik Lele, Pioneers Education

Mongolian

Dictionaries: bolor-toli, englishmongolian PDF: Peace Corps Mongolian Websites: study mongolian, Mongolian Lessons, indiana.edu, funky mongolian Youtube: mongolianlanguage, MongolHel

Norwegian

Dictionaries: ordnett PDF: FSI Norwegian, An essential grammar Websites: Norwegian on the web, norwegianlanguage, sons of norway, norwegian4people, Stein på Stein, norwords Youtube: Norwegian Teacher - Karin, Learn Norwegian Naturally, Courses Norwegian, norwegianpod101

Polish

Dictionaries: ling.pl PDF: Polish Grammar, FSI Polish Course, Advanced Polish Websites: Mówić po polsku, course in the Polish language, skwierzyna, learn polish feel good, wikibooks Youtube: Polish For Beginners, Uczmy Się Polskiego (Let’s Learn Polish), Course of Polish, Kanał użytkownika learnpolisheu, polishpod101 Egzaminy Certyfikatowe z Języka Polskiego jako Obcego: info

Portuguese

Dictionaries: portuguesedictionary PDF: FSI Brazilian Portuguese (1) (2), Phrasebook Websites: easyportuguese, oneness, tá falado, Brazilian Portuguese Grammar Guide, portugueselanguageguide, learn portuguese with rafa, learning portuguese, sonia-portuguese Youtube: EuroPortuguese LA, Practice Portuguese, Tradutex Portuguese Lessons, ILearn Portuguese, Beto Dias Channel, portuguesepod101

Punjabi

Dictionaries: ijunoon, shabdkosh PDF: A Reference Grammar of Punjabi, A START IN PUNJABI, How to learn Punjabi Websites: learnpunjabi, Overview of Punjabi Grammar, wikibooks, maa.com.au Youtube: Hardeep Singh, Speak Punjabi Lessons, Panti Akhar

Romanian

Dictionaries: dictionare PDF: Romanian Grammar, FSI Romanian Grammar, Romanian: an essential grammar Websites: rolang, romanian lessons, learnro, easy romanian Youtube: LearnRomanian WithNico, QuickRomanian, rolangschool, Learn Romanian, Romanian Language Quickies      

Russian

Dictionaries: multitran PDF: A Comprehensive Russian Grammar, A Basic Modern Russian Grammar, Russian Grammar, FSI Russian Course Websites: masterrussian, learn russian step by step, russianforeveryone, yesrussian, study-languages-online, russianlessons, learn-russian, funrussian, russianforfree, russian-translation-pros, worddive Youtube: ROU Russian, funrussian, Antonia Romaker, Easy Russian, R for Russian, learn russian easily, Ru-land, Russian grammar, russianpod101, Listening: rutube, bestrussiantv, top-russian-movies TORFL: Training tests

Serbo-Croatian

Dictionaries: hrvatski-rjecnik (Croatian) PDF: FSI Serbo-Croatian (1) (2), A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, Websites: serbianlesson, srpskibre, International Serbian Language Course, funky serbian, learn-croatian, easy-croatian, basic-croatian, visit-croatia Youtube: Learning Croatian, learning croatian, Learn Serbian, Learnserbian, monicacorbett26, learnserbianquickly, Lidija Novakovic      

Spanish

Dictionaries: spanishdict PDF: FSI Spanish (1) (2) (3) (4) (Puerto Rico) (Spain) (Latin America), Words and Phrases, Modern Spanish Grammar Websites: learn-spanish-online, Spanish Language & Culture, studyspanish, Spanish Grammar, Grammar Exercises, Spanish Grammar in Context, notes in spanish, bowdoin Youtube: Señor Hey, Butterfly Spanish, Maria Español, spanishpod101, Tu escuela de español, LightSpeedSpanish, Tio Spanish, ProfeDeELE.es Listening: newsinslowspanish Reading: cuentos infantiles, cuentos para chicos Grammar & Spelling checker: spanishchecker DELE: Description of DELE

Swahili

PDF: FSI Swahili Websites: Swahili language & culture, Kiswahili kwa Komputa, kiswahili.net, the swahili coast, learn kiSwahili, swahili website, magical kenya Youtube: swahili101, Tuwaze mawazo, swahilipod101

Swedish

Dictionaries: tyda, ord PDF: FSI Swedish Course, Jag lär mig svenska Websites: Swedish Grammar, onlineswedish, swedishlesson, worddive, lysator Youtube: LearningSvenska, Swedish2go, GoSwedish, swedishpod101, the swedish lad

Tagalog

Dictionaries: pinoydictionary, tagalog-dictionary PDF: Peace Corps Tagalog, Essential Tagalog Grammar Websites: learningtagalog, seasite.niu, learn-tagalog, tagaloglang, pinoydirectory, Tagalog Phrases Youtube: learntagalog, Learn Tagalog with Fides, Tagalog Made Easy, alanmillet, filipinopod101

Tamil

Dictionaries: tamildict, shabdkosh PDF: Colloquial Tamil, A Grammar of modern Tamil, Tamil Morphology, Basic Lessons Websites: thetamillanguage, ibiblio, Tamil Grammar, TamilO, A Grammar of Spoken Tamil, learning-tamil, tamil tutor, tamilcube, languagereef Youtube: desidame4eva, MagicBox Tamil ELS Kids Channel, செல்லமே செல்லம்

Telugu

Dictionaries: telugudictionary, andhrabharati, telugupedia PDF: Conversational Telugu Websites: learningtelugu, languagereef, classle, telugubasha, telugu website Youtube: Learn Telugu through English, Krishna Krish, Easy Learning Ways.com

Thai

Dictionaries: linedict, thai2english PDF: FSI Thai Course (1) (2) (Grammar), Thai Grammar Websites: kruuweeteachthai, learningcentre, learnthaiwithmod, speakingthai, slice-of-thai, thai-language, Fundamentals of the Thai Language, Thai Basic Reader, speak real Thai Youtube: ThaiwithMod, kruuweeteachthai, thaipod101, Thai Language Hut School, learn2speakthai, My Thai Language School, learningthai

Turkish

Dictionaries: seslisözlük, tureng PDF: FSI Turkish Course (1) (2), Turkish Grammar, teach yourself turkish Websites: turkishteatime, turkishbasics, totally-turkish, elon, turkishclass, easy-turkish, turkishlanguage, Turkish Test, learnturkish, I’m learning Turkish Youtube: Learn Turkish with Burcu, OnlineTurkishLessons, totallyturkish, turkishclass101

Urdu

Dictionaries: urduenglishdictionary, urduWord, urdu123 Websites: A door into Urdu, learnurdulanguage, Learn to Read Urdu, urdu-english Youtube: Learn Urdu with Muneeb, EDUCATION PYRAMID UAE, Mohammed Chughtai

Vietnamese

Dictionaries: tratu soha, viet dictionary, vdict PDF: FSI Vietnamese Course (1) (2), Colloquial Vietnamese, Basic Phrases, Introduction Websites: seasite, LEARN VIỆT, hoctiengviet-online, hanoilanguagetours, Learning Vietnamese Online Youtube: Learn how to speak Vietnamese, Learn Vietnamese With Annie, Vietnamese for Beginners, Vietnamesepod101

Welsh

Dictionaries: Geiriadur PDF: Some basic rules of Welsh grammar Websites: learn-welsh, Learn Welsh now, siaradcymraeg, Croeso: Beginners’ Welsh, A Welsh Course Youtube: Learn Welsh with Will, MyWelshTV, Welsh Plus, Learn Welsh, IkkyLee

Wolof

PDF: Wolof Lessons, Wolof Grammar, Wolof Grammar Manual Websites: wolofonline, UCLA Wolof Web Site, laaf.me Youtube: Moustapha Sarr

Xhosa

Dictionaries: gononda PDF: Xhosa Grammar, grammatical sketch Websites: Izifundo zesiXhosa, unisa, learnxhosa Youtube: XhosaKhaya

Yorùbá

Dictionaries: yourubadictionary, aroadeyorubadictionary PDF: FSI (Basic) (Intermediate), Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch Websites: Yorùbá Yé Mi, learn yoruba, Learning Yoruba, Yoruba Classroom Youtube: YorubaSpeaker, necksonUtube, Yoruba language tutorial for medical personnel, Learning Yoruba, IKWYSinteractive

Zulu

Dictionaries: isiZulu.net PDF: Zulu-Handbook, An Introduction to Zulu Language Websites: isiZulunet, sifunda isiZulu, unisa, wikibooks, LEARN THE ZULU LANGUAGE Youtube: Learn NDebele/Zulu, Sharl Henning

[h0neytalk]

Favorite VERY BASIC Comprehensible Input Sources I’ve Found (all free)

These are all for Italian and Arabic (MSA + Levantine dialect) and suitable for A1! I’ve found the very early stages are the hardest to find stuff for but also when it’s the most boring to be confined to flashcards and memorizing so hopefully this helps. Also it keeps me from losing these links.

Italian:

Curioso come George (Italian Curious George, honestly a lot of kids shows can get tiring but Curious George doesn’t hit that “annoying” pitch while still being simple) (link is to one episode but you can find tons in the related vids) (also segments are themed so you can find ones that roughly correlate to a unit of vocab like weather or clothes)

Ardea Digitale Schoolbooks (schoolbooks for children that you can download as PDFs along with workbooks/worksheets)

Arabic (MSA)

Read Learn Play Arabic (cannot speak highly enough of this one it’s so good and there’s so much and idk how it isn’t talked about more)

Cartoon Network MENA (good just because the material is recognizable, obviously usefulness of vocab/level is gonna vary by show)

Arabic (Levantine Dialect)

Sesame Street! Aka Ahlan Simsim. (Some segments are more advanced than others obviously but it’s incredible for learning the sound of the dialect and is also not grating for adults imo) (free on YouTube)

Lingualism Diaries (not nearly as beginner friendly as Read Learn Play but definitely doable within a few weeks assuming you know the alphabet) (also has audio versions)

I highly recommend lingualism.com for a ton of Arabic materials in all sorts of dialects/levels but they’re mostly paid (not expensive! But not free) and this post is meant to compile free stuff.

[linghxr]

Language Resources Masterpost

Today I am sharing with you guys all my collection of language textbook pdfs :D They are mostly for Russian and Mandarin, but I have a few Korean resources too. Please note that I have not personally used all of these books, so I cannot vouch for their quality. If any of the links are broken, please let me know! All links are to dropbox files.

Mandarin

A Kaleidoscope of China (advanced)

A New China (intermediate)

All Things Considered (advanced)

Anything Goes (advanced)

Basic Chinese (workbook)

Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar (grammar)

Chinese: An Essential Grammar (grammar)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar (grammar)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar (workbook)

Reading to Write: An Advanced Textbook of Chinese (advanced)

Schaum’s Outlines: Chinese Grammar (grammar)

The Routledge Advanced Chinese Multimedia Course (advanced)

The Routledge Course in Chinese Media Literacy (advanced)

Russian

Ultimate Russian (advanced)

Using Russian: A Guide to Contemporary Usage

A Comprehensive Russian Grammar (grammar)

A Russian Grammar Workbook (workbook)

Colloquial Russian 2 (intermediate)

Russian Verbal Prefixes (grammar)

Glossika Guide to Russian Pronunciation and Grammar

Intermediate Russian: A Grammar and Workbook (intermediate)

An Advanced Russian Tabloid Reader (advanced)

A Living Russian Grammar (grammar)

Basic Russian: A Grammar and Workbook (beginner）

Russian in Exercises (beginner)

Russian Verbs of Motion

Using Russian Vocabulary (vocab)

The Big Silver Book of Russian Verbs (vocab)

Live From Russia Stage 1 Volume 1 (beginner)

Live From Russia Stage 1 Volume 2 (beginner)

Korean

Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook (beginner)

Intermediate Korean: A Grammar and Workbook (intermediate)

Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar (grammar)

Korean Grammar in Use (beginner)

[maptitude1]

Regional greetings in Germany

[languages-and-tea]

Translation & Linguistics BOOKS in English

Disclaimer: I haven’t read them all, but I wish I had! And the more linguistic books may be centred around the English language since they are in English. I’ll do a Spanish one too, and possibly a French one.

(These are Amazon links)

Translation

-  The Prosperous Translator: Advice from Fire Ant & Worker Bee, by Chris Durban.

-  In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, by Mona Baker.

- Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, by Jeremy Munday.

- Is That a Fish in Your Ear?: Translation and the Meaning of Everything, by David Bellos.

- Found in Translation: How Language Shapes Our Lives and Transforms the World, by Nataly Kelly and Jost Zetzsche.

- Becoming a Translator: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Translation, by Douglas Robinson.

- Translation: An Advanced Resource Book, by Basil A Hatim and Jeremy Munday.

- The Routledge Companion to Translation Studies, edited by Jeremy Munday.

- Mouse or Rat?: Translation as Negotiation, by Umberto Eco.

Linguistics 

- How Language Works: How Babies Babble, Words Change Meaning, and Languages Live or Die, by David Crystal. 

- The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, by David Crystal.

- Through the Language Glass: Why the World Looks Different in Other Languages, by Guy Deutscher.

- The Unfolding of Language: An Evolutionary Tour of Mankind’s Greatest Invention, by Guy Deutscher.

- The English Language: A Guided Tour of the Language, by David Crystal.

If you have any more suggestions, please don’t hesitate to leave them in the comments or as a reblog and I’ll add them!

[paralegal-activity]

Interpreting

- Conference Interpreting - a Student’s Practice Book by Andrew Gillies

- Note-Taking for Consecutive Interpreting: a Short Course by Andrew Gillies

- Being a Successful Interpreter by Dr. Jonathan Downie

- Note-Taking for Public Service Interpreters by Kirsty Heimerl-Moggan

I also haven’t read all of them (yet) and I don’t know how to do links like that, but anyway ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

[sciogli-lingua]

In Italian we don’t say “please return this item that you’re borrowing from me”, we say “si chiama Pietro (e torna indietro)”, which roughly sounds like “its name is Jack (’cause it’s got to come back)”, and I think that’s both vaguely ominous and absolutely exhilarating.

[pompadourpink]

And the french version is “Il/Elle s’appelle Reviens” (Its name is Comeback)

[trulygreatadventure]

[aperiodofsoftness]

[vvolare]

[hipindie]

adventure

[the-bibrarian]

Colloquial French verbs, from the dreamy, to the quaint, to the ridiculous

Gribouiller : scribble, make doodles/squiggles 

Dégouliner : trickle down/along

Éclabousser : splash, splatter

Câliner : cuddle

Mitonner : cook slowly and with care

Sautiller : jump up and down, hop

Grelotter : shiver with cold

Emmitoufler : wrap up well/warmly

(se) Ravigoter : perk (oneself/sb) up, reinvigorate

Grignoter : snack, nibble

Babiller : babble, prattle (esp. babies)

Chantonner : sing softly, absentmindedly 

Fredonner : sing softly, hum

Siffloter : whistle softly, absentmindedly

Papoter : chat, natter

(se) Rabibocher : vtr: patch (sth) up; make up with (sb)

(se) Pelotonner : curl up, nestle, snuggle

(se) Débarbouiller : clean up, clean (sb) up (esp. the face)

Chatouiller : tickle

Somnoler : doze

Rêvasser : daydream

Fabuler : make (sth) up, fabricate

Embobiner : hoodwink, bamboozle

Emberlificoter : lit: tangle up; fig: bamboozle

Gigoter : wriggle

Barboter : slosh in, splash around

Patauger : wade, flounder 

Buller : laze around, do nothing

Lézarder : lit: crack; fig: bask, laze around, lounge

Musarder : dawdle

Lambiner : straggle, linger behind

Chambouler : turn upside down, shake up, upset

[sylasstuff]

In response to the @metsew ordeal:

I made this list for people who learn ethnic languages in order to better appreciate a group of people. Please understand that some cultures would rather encourage their community learn the language than people with no relation.

Enjoy

*I didn’t include any national official languages as far as I know because I think you can learn those without being disrespectful due to the language being implemented throughout an entire nation that most likely includes people of varying ethnicities.

If you learn these languages you risk being disrespectful tp the ethnic community you are trying to appreciate, I encourage you to learn about these languages but unless you plan on living in a community in which one of these languages is the majority tongue, you probably shouldn’t learn them:

Tigrinya

Romani

Neapolitan

Lakota (not much info but from what I’ve read it seems that they want to keeo there language grounded in their community)

Cheyenne

Sandawe (most Khoisan Languages)

Navajo (couldn’t find a lot on this one but I see no official sites that offer lessons to non-natives

Oromo

(Can’t find much on the languages of Italy but I’m leaning towards believing that they are off limits)

Sámi (can’t find much on it but from certain comments made by Sámi people, I think it belongs in this group, please correct me if I’m wrong)

The following languages are ones that natives encourage people of different ethnicities other than theirs to learn:

Cherokee

Welsh

Catalan

Choctaw

Yoruba

Inuktitut

Igbo

The following are Indo-Aryan languages I could not find much native input on, but there is a federal Indian website which teaches you each of these so I assume it’s okay. If you are a speaker of one of these languages and want your language taken off, please shoot me a message and I’ll be happy to edit the post for you.

Angika

Assamese

Awadhi

Baghelkhandi

Bhojpuri

Bishnupriya

Bodo

Bundelkhandi

Chhattisgarhi

Garhwali

Garo

Gujarati

Haryanvi

Jaintia

Kannada

Kashmiri

Khasi

Konkani

Kumaoni

Maithili

Malayalam

Manipura

Marathi

Marwari

Mizo

Nagamese

Nepali

Oriya

Punjabi

Rajasthani

Sindhi

Sinhala

Telugu

Tulu

Keep in mind that this list is a work in progress. If you are a native speaker of any language on this list who disagrees with how I grouped it, please tell me and I will edit. Or if you have any languages you would like to add to one of the groups please tell me. In particular I couldn’t find much info on Tamazight and Corsican, and I would really like to know because they are both languages I’d be interested in studying.

*Also for most of the languages that you can speak respectfully, there are courses, lessons, etc. put on by websites made by natives of that language. I strongly encourage you to support these resources.

[metsew-deactivated20180219]

May I add Oromo isn’t t a language? It’s a family. You’re talking about Qubee right? Which is a standard that most Oromoid speakers tend to understand. Even amongst Oromoid speakers your given lect usually denotes your sub-ethnic grouping or if you’re an ethnic Oromo i.e Munyo and Sakuye speakers speak Oromoid languages but are not Oromo. Borana and Qittu speakers are considered Oromo.

[thatswhywelovegermany]

Something for which the Germans can not agree on a word

Griebsch

Knust

Grubsch

Apfelgnatsch

Krubber

Krubbs

Apfelkauz

Apfelstummel

Knutsch

Appelpietschen

Apfelpietsche

Appelpatsch

Apfelgnözel

Apfelnüsel

Bolle

Hüske

Hünkel

Hunkepeil

Hunkepiel

Hünkelbein

Apfelhünksel

Apfelkinkel

Kröps

Appelnürsel

Strunk

Krose

Kröse

Apfelkippe

Apfelkitsche

Nüssel

Apfelschnüssel

Apfelpik

Maas

Grotze

Marzel

Masel

Mäsel

Nesel

Nösel

Gritze

Grütz

Grebs

Gäiz

Krotz

Krotze

Körschte

Stronk

Knotz

Grötz

Krömbel

Kröps

Gröbsch

Knost

Kitsche

Apfelknössel

Kitsch

Appelkrotz

Meubbes

Apfelkrips

Apfelgrips

Apfelgrütz

Knirbitz

Appelkriwwitz

Äbbelbutze

Äbbelkrotze

Apfelbatzen

Aapelbaaz

Ääpelbaazen

Appelkrutz

Apfelgripsch

Gnutze

Appelkrutze

Abbelgrutze

Abbelgrutz

Appelgrotze

Apfelbutze

Öpfelbutzen

Apfelpuler

Apfelstrunks

Krötsch

Apfelkrebs

Apfelschnerps

Apfelschnirps

Krüpps

Butzen

Knerzel

Opfibutzn

Apfelgruzl

Bütschgi

Gräubschi

Bätzgi

Bitzgi

Gigertschi

Gürbschi

Grüschi

Gütschi

Öpflbotza

Apfelprobscht

Obfübuhtz

Apfelputzen

Apfelpurzen

Apfelbietz

Apfelkrunsch

Pesek

Pesenk

Apfelkrause

Apfelrest

[tiny-loudness]

Translators’ Telephone Game: what happens when you translate a phrase 18 times

This linguistic experiment was conducted by the newspaper “Nedelya”: 18 translators, each one with an excellent knowledge of two languages, was to translate the phrase given to him/her by his/her colleague and pass it on to the next person to do the same. The passage for the experiment was taken from Nikolai Gogol’s "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich” – the description of a character Agafya Fedoseyevna:

Она сплетничала и ела вареные бураки по утрам и отлично хорошо ругалась – и при всех этих разнообразных занятиях лицо ее ни на минуту не изменяло своего выражения, что обыкновенно могут показывать одни только женщины.

(She gossiped, ate boiled beetroots in the morning, and swore splendidly; and amidst all these various occupations her countenance never for one instant changed its expression, which phenomenon, as a rule, women alone are capable of displaying)

The translators took the text and set to work.

In English hardly any changes were made; in German, however, the neutral “gossiped” turd into an evocative “talked scandal”, and the character’s face “had no expression at all, in a manner known to every woman”.

The next stage was Japanese. Its characteristic politeness made the translator change “talk scandal” into a more neutral “chatter”, and “swear” became “use bad language”.

In Arabic the character already “tattled” instead of “chattered”, and “uttered appalling curses” instead of merely “used bad language”. 

A Frenchman took up the baton: “She was in the habit of gossiping, when eating her beetroot soup; a flood of the most appalling curse words would leave her mouth – all that without a single change in her countenance. That’s what all women do.”

Although by this point the passage had changed quite a bit, its misadventures were only beginning.

The phragment went through Indonesian (where there is a single pronoun for both “he” and “she”), Dutch, and Turkish: “When the woman was hurling insults, eating a thin concoction of beetroots, the man occupied himself with gossip. Both of them were doing that without expressing their feelings, in a commonly female manner”

Hardly anything changed in Spanish, except that “throwing” replaced “hurling”. A creative Sudanese translated the phrase from Spanish into Yoruba: the more concrete “concoction of beetroots” was replaced by the more vague “fruit/vegetable concoction”, and the more broad “gossip” changed into “showing off his imaginary feats”.

The next person translated the passage into English once again, adding his own corrections. In his version of the text the woman drank “fruit concoction” and “threw bad things about” ; the man’s behaviour was described with the help of the English idiom “to blow one’s own trumpet” .

The extract then went through the Bambara and then the French language, changing “things” into “stuff”; in Italian it sounded as follows: “She drank compote and threw unnecessary stuff away from the house, and he sounded the horn with an almost feminine excitement.” The causes of the transformations are clear – isn’t it simpler to say “compote” instead of “concoction”, and you can understand “trumpet” literally!

The following changes were all pretty reasonable: the Czeck version had “junk” instead of “unnecessary stuff”, a more concise “enthusiastically” replaced “feminine excitement”, and, apparently, under the influence of the horn “house” became “hut”. The Norwegian changed “enthusiastically” into “jubilantly”, and the Swede made the phrase more orderly by adding a participal turnover: “After drinking her compote, she…” etc.

And finally, there came the last stage of translating the passage back into Russian: 

Выпив компот, она выбросила из хижины старье, а он радостно забил в тамтам*.

(After drinking her compote, she threw away junk from the hut, and he sounded the horn* jubilantly)

*see here for notes

(From a popular science linguistics book “Путешествие в слово” by Э. А. Вартаньян)

[disc80s]

me with every foreign language