Berlin Psychoanalytic: Self-experiments in the city, yesterday and today.
Berlin 14 February 2015 / by Jakob Lusensky
“Dear Professor Freud, things are moving”, wrote the early psychoanalyst Karl Abraham from Berlin in a personal letter to Sigmund Freud in Vienna, August 1908. The thing that was moving was psychoanalysis, a back then radically new theory for the understanding of human psyche, a cultural theory and vehicle for human liberation through individual insight. A young new science that had wind in it sails, so much wind, that it the following year, in 1909 brought Freud together with Carl Gustav Jung to America to Clark University to present lecture that would sparked the psychoanalytical movement to take of also in the USA and later spread like a plague around the world. In these lectures they both presented their own findings of their “experimental psychologies” that would bring them worldwide attention, turn them into cultural icons and in our time plastic action toy figure.
Experimental psychology? Perhaps for some of you this term brings associations of experiments with rats or other type of animals in a laboratory more closely related to the field of behavioral psychology? But no, these men went further then that, they turned themselves into animals, or at least into experiments. Freud developed his theory of dream interpretation by rigorously writing down, studying and analysing his own dream life. Jung developed his theory of complexes, psychological types and archetypes after his own “creative illness” and psychological breakdown, in which he carefully started to write down his fantasies and illustrate them in his “Red Book”. Like alchemists, in a time of turmoil and confusion they travelled in their own chambers, as they turned their work Freud and Jung were far from the only people turning into self-experimentation and self-discovery at turn of the century Europe. On the hills of Ascona, in the south of the Italian part of Switzerland the Utopic artist commune Monté Verita was established around the same time. It became a pole of gravity for an intellectual and spiritual European elite, with Jung, Herrman Hesse, Max Weber, dance choreographer Rudolf Laban, and psycho-anarchists Otto Gross on the guest list. Otto Gross was more then a curiosity in the early psychoanalytical movement and was by Freud seen as the only one, except for Jung, that could truly bring an original contribution to the field.
Freuds biographer psychoanalyst Ernest Jones called him "the nearest approach to the romantic ideal of a genius I have ever met”. For Gross psychoanalysis was not only a theory for individual liberation but for collective revolution, staying true to his Marxists belief, when stating that: “The psychology of the unconscious is the philosophy of the revolution”. A change of the individual was not possible according to Gross, if not also society changes. He wrote that: “Who ever wants to change the structures of power in a repressive society, has to start by changing these structures in himself and to eradicate the "authority that has infiltrated one's own inner being”. Gross was too much for the leaders of the psychoanalytical movement and he was soon labelled an un-analysable schizophrenic, became a drug addict and rejected by the progressive new “scientists”. His self-experiment “failed” and he died of Pneumonia (nu-mo'ne-a) related to drug abuse, after having been found near-starved and frozen, out here on the streets of Berlin, 95 years.
Left to right, seated: Sigmund Freud, Sándor Ferenczi, and Hanns Sachs. Standing; Otto Rank, Karl Abraham, Max Eitingon, and Ernest Jones. Photo 1922
A week later that same year, 1920, in another part of Berlin, an opening reception took place at Potsdamer Strasse 29 for the newly established Berlin Poliklinik. This was the world’s first psychoanalytical counselling space and later training institute, that still today stands as the blueprint, for psychoanalytical training around the world. Karl Abraham, who ten years earlier had written that later to Freud about that “things are moving in Berlin” read at this opening ceremony a paper called, “The rise of the poliklinik from the unconscious”. His colleague Ernst Simmel read poetry by Rielke. There were performances of a Beethoven piano sonata, Chopin, pieces by Schubert and Schoenberg. This, the birth of the psychoanalytical counselling space and the death of the rejected theorist Otto Gross was happening in a Berlin that were dancing on top of a Volcano.
This was the spirit of the Weimar Republic, its chaos and creativity, the new jazz, the colour cinema, a time economic depression, female liberation and radical new ideas in form and movement such as the Bauhaus School and the Dadaist movement. Freud was in Vienna but it was in Berlin things were moving, and the Poliklinik became its hub, a pull attracting young talented psychoanalysts from all parts of Europe to move in.
Many of these pioeering psychoanalysts, who later would form their own schools of psychoanalysis, were as much political activist, cultural theorists and artists of psyche, as brilliant theorists and clinicians. They were taking psychoanalysis far out of the analytical room and into the streets. Freud had at the fifth psychoanalytical conference in Budapest toward the end of the first world-war in 1918, proclaimed for a “social conscience of psychoanalysis”. He was in his own writing not only analysing individuals but also culture, art, literature, civilization, and its discontent. At the Berlin poliklinik an ethos were in the atmosphere, that infused the classical school of psychoanalysis with a political and cultural, activist Geist and spirit.
So, what happened with the Weimar spirit of classical psychoanalysis? Today when you say the word psychoanalysis, people often tend to associate to an expensive psychotherapeutic treatment available for a wealthy few neurotics. A dinosaur from a forgotten age, no longer taken seriously in the Academia or in the present cultural debate. One thing that happened, was that psychoanalysis was exiled from it’s own origin.
In 1933, thirteen years after it’s opening, the Berlin institute was taken over by the Nazi regime, it became “Aryanized,” its operations and principles absorbed into Nazi ideology, in-officially relabelled “The Göring Institute”.
Psychoanalysis became an émigré science and many of the Berlin analysts fled to America. In America psychoanalysis would after World-War II shape itself a new persona. It turned into a lucrative field and established profession of status, a speciality discipline within the field of medicine and psychiatry. No longer was it open to the layman and wild-psychoanalysts, something that Freud early had envisioned would be it’s creative death. Psychoanalysis became professionalized, specialized, sanitised, individualized, more and more limited to a focus on treating individuals from neurosis while less focused on bringing out cultural or political ideas.
In the American McCarthy era and the cold war between west and east, the Weimar spirit got lost. It repressed its political past and earlier involvement in changing society and culture through the individual changing himself.
Today, things are moving in Berlin again. Although the rises in apartment prices and gentrification, artist and creative people from all over the world continue to move in to Berlin in the hope of living a different life, reinvent themselves, dance to techno music or explore facets of their personality perhaps not accepted back home. Also our time have similarities with the Weimar era, its economic and political turmoil, fascism, terror as well as left-wing political forces on the rise all over Europe. People are trying to find a grounding, finding themselves lost, searching for roots, community and identity in a time characterized by fluidity. It is in this creative chaos, in this city of acceptance of differences, a city that carries it’s wounds so visibly, that we are gathered here today to celebrate the opening of Stillpoint Spaces.
We are not a psychoanalytical institute but a new type of counselling space, inspired by the old ethos of the classical school of psychoanalysis. Here, in these four counselling rooms we facilitate psychoanalytic treatment as well as counselling by my colleagues, Andrea Monroy Toro, Evangelos Tsempelis, David Schmid, Johanne Schwensen, Andrés Ocazionez, Estelle Hoy, Tom Bärlin and myself, Jakob Lusensky.
We don’t imagine us carry the geniuses or originality of a Wilhelm Reich, Otto Fenichel,Melaine Klein, Eric Fromm or Otto Gross and also our ambitions are smaller. We aim to facilitate a safe place for rigorous self-experimenting and exploration. To here in the open-space where we stand today, what we call the laboratory, arrange with encounters between psychoanalysis with arts, politics and culture in the broadest sense of the world. We like to re-open up our space for a psychoanalysis also of culture. To stand for depth, and perhaps death, in a culture worshipping surfing, swiping and the psychology of eternal youth.
When I in this opening address, look back in history, turn around and look at what was forgotten, or at least our fantasies of it today, I am merely following the basic psychoanalytical procedure to go back in biography in order to go forward in life. What psychoanalyst James Hillman, called “the renaissance solution”. To in a culture that is floating and lost make the same move that people made at other times, the move of going back so that one can find somewhere to stand. To learn to see how an earlier time were concerned with the same struggles as we are today but perhaps more essentially.
Something truly new can only come alive when staying related to the old. The spirit of the time, our time, needs too learn to listen carefully to hear the lament of the dead, the spirit of the depth.
Or as Rielke puts it more poetically, in the “Notes of the melody of things”: Our fulfilments take place in the radiant backgrounds. There, in the background, is motion, and will. There play out the histories; we are only the dark headlines.