this poll is about the notation of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals (not about their actual phonetic values; not about how many there are) as they appear in the literature – what matters are the use of uppercase/lowercase letters, placement of the numbers/signs, diacritics ...
as you can infer, only the first laryngeal in a series is represented in the poll and only in its presumed consonantal value (when it comes to scholars that differentiate between consonantal and vocalic values of the laryngeals ☝️)
thus, *ə̯₁ and *ə₁ as listed above are there because both have been used by certain scholars as representing the laryngeals in their consonantal role; when *ə₁ is used in a primarily consonantal role, *ə̥₁ (!) may be used to denote its vocalic nature when necessary
I have avoided signs that do not appear in sets (such as *hₐ as a cover symbol for *h₂ and *h₄, but where *hₑ and *hₒ are not used {though I did search for them!})
the full sets (and some other comments) below:
*h₁ *h₂ *h₃ (*h₄)
*H₁ *H₂ *H₃ (*H₄)
*h¹ *h² *h³ (*h⁴) (Hamp)
*ḫ₁ *ḫ₂ *ḫ₃ (Schindler 1969), *ħ₁ *ħ₂ *ħ₃ (Beekes 1969) {I had to list these in tandem becuase of lack of options in the poll, but also because these notations are idiosyncratic not only to the authors but also to specific publications of these authors}
*Hₑ *Hₐ *Hₒ (Hamp)
*Hᵉ *Hᵃ *Hᵒ/*Hʷ *Hᶜ *Hᵏ *Hq {there is no superscript q in Unicode and tumblr has stopped supporting this kind of rich-text editing} (Martinet 1975)
the phonetic options are many: *ʔ *ʕ *ʕʷ (Beekes), *ʔ *ħ *ʢ (Fortson), *h *χ *ʁ (Kümmel), *ç *x *x/ɣʷ (Kapović), *x *ɣ *ḥ *ε *h *ʔ *xʷ *ɣʷ *ḥʷ *εʷ (Martinet) etc. etc. (the Sturtevant+Sapir and Couvreur notations are arguably phonetic, but they are sufficently removed from modern IPA that I included them separately)
because of limited available options I did not list the monolaryngeal options, such as *ꞡ (Pedersen 1909), *x (Oštir 1913) etc.
if I have missed any notation please do tell me, I would love to learn if there's more!
And speaking of pronouns, flat-out my favorite part of the LOTR Appendices is when it’s revealed that the Gondorian dialect of the Common Speech differentiates between formal and informal second-person pronouns but the distinction’s been lost in the Hobbit’s dialect, so Pippin’s blithely been using familiar terms of address with the Lord of the City, and thus helps to explain both why the Gondorians are so ready to assume he’s a prince and why Denethor finds him so amusing to have around.
not what i expected from a post that began with “speaking of pronouns,” but an a++ show of the versatility and surprise daily available on tumblr dot com
j'adore le franglish content le code switching c'est tellement fun je sautille from a language to another like a gazelle et toi aussi tant que tu voudras :)
OUAIS baby we are so fucking back. franglais est parfait parce que americans get mad AND it sends evil psychic vibes à l’académie française. The phrase “qu’est-ce qu’y’all doing aujourd’hui” came out of my mouth this evening and i think that might be the pinnacle of human language. i love being annoying
"Languages are set in stone!" the word "inception" not only acquired a whole new definition that has nothing to do with its older definition 13 years ago but also led to "-ception" becoming a suffix that previously did not exist in English solely because of a loud movie
Also, the word for "something from the city of Hamburg" led to the creation of "-burger" as a suffix that denotes a type of sandwich
They’re basically a literary prank– the sentence starts out in such a way that you think you know where it’s going, but the way it ends completely changes the meaning while still being a complete and logical sentence. Usually it deals with double meanings, or with words that can be multiple parts of speech, like nouns and verbs or nouns and adjectives.
So we get gems like
The old man the boat. (The old people are manning the boat)
The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families. (The apartment complex is home to both married and single soldiers, plus their families)
The prime number few. (People who are excellent are few in number.)
The cotton clothing is usually made of grows in Mississipi. (The cotton that clothing is made of)
The man who hunts ducks out on weekends. (As in he ducks out of his responsibilities)
We painted the wall with cracks. (The cracked wall is the one that was pained.)
dailybridgerton
titsay
annaxmalina
kaledo-art
stormborns
izzy806
ellievsbear
