Just curious but where does the star on cheek motif come from in Ancient Greece? It’s beautiful but I don’t know what it’s called so I can’t google it effectively and ‘star on cheek ancient Greece’ did not net me much. If you have any resources on this I would love to read them!
I'm not sure if there's an actual term for it, but the main (and perhaps only) point of reference that everyone seems to use is this painted plaster head of a woman from Mycenae c. 12th century BCE (National Archaeological Museum Athens inv. 4575). it's a unique and pretty unusual object for the period, but apparently there are a couple of other (less well-preserved or less impressive) examples of women's faces depicted with these red suns/stars/rosettes on their cheeks and chins in Mycenaean art. there's some thought that it might be a representation of some sort of makeup worn by real women in late Bronze Age Mycenae, potentially royalty and/or priestesses in official ritual contexts. alternatively it could be an artistic marker of divinity or non-human status with absolutely no relation to women's appearances in real life, since this head may have belonged to a statue of a goddess or a sphinx. we do have a decent number of Mycenaean wall painting fragments depicting female figures, and I don't believe any of them have these markings on their faces-- the trend of depicting mythic or historical Bronze Age Greek women like this really does seem to all come back to this one object.
Hey, jumping in to add some resources - during my archaeology degree I focused specifically on Late Bronze Age (LBA) Aegean dress & adornment, so while I'm not at all an expert I've got a pretty good grasp of current research.
Answering the first question, the term you're looking for is 'rosette', or more specifically - depending on the academic - 'dot-rosette'. This was a common LBA iconographic motif in the Near East & Aegean, depicted on a variety of materials; from ceramics to textiles, architecture, metalwork, jewellery, stone carving, etc etc. These depictions could be simple & stylised, more realistic/flower-like, or even quite sophisticated and complex - the dot style seen on NAM.4575 (the plaster head that OP linked & pictured above) being on the simpler, more stylised side.
It, as OP pointed out, is a very singular object for the LBA. Not only is NAM.4575 a large scale three dimensional human figure, but it has so much surviving pigment!! As per gendered iconographic norms (e.g. skin colour) for the LBA Aegean it clearly depicts a female, however there is debate over the specifics depicted. Is she real or divine, human or mystical? It certainly comes from religious context, excavated in the Cult Centre of Mycenae, and the headdress she wears (known as a Polos) has strong links to ritual practice. Worn by (likely) goddesses, mortal figures of high religious or social significance (e.g. priestesses), as well as sphinxes (but not exclusively! older scholarship skewed towards majority sphinxes but our understanding of Poloi wearers has improved over time and tbh there are more occurrences of being worn by human/human-like divinities than by a sphinx). This led to the initial identification of NAM.4575 as a sphinx, however more recent consensus in scholarship interprets her (IMO more correctly) as a goddess or mortal woman of high ritual/social status. Either way, wherever she falls on the mortal/divine divide, it is clear NAM.4575's facial markings hold some form of ritual function for high status women.
However, as mentioned briefly by OP, she is not the sole depiction of facial rosettes from the archaeological record - similar markings *do* appear occasionally elsewhere.
Brief Overview of Rosette facial markings within the archaeological material:
Earlier examples of painted facial rosettes (as well as so many other simple designs) can be seen on some Early Cycladic Figures, such as this EC II marble female head from Keros pictured below on the left, displayed at the Karlsruhe Badisches Landesmuseum (inv.70/550). While the condition of the figure's pigment has deteriorated, traces of pigment on the cheeks and chin in a dot-rosette pattern can still be seen.
More contemporary with NAM.4575 both in time (LBA) and location (found within the Mycenae Cult Center complex) is MM.294, a LH IIIB2 ceramic female figurine. As can clearly be seen in the middle picture below (taken by me at the Archaeological Museum of Mycenae) two facial dot-rosettes are detailed, with one on each cheek. They are less sophisticated then those seen on the plaster head, unsurprising with the differences in material and quality between the two artefacts. Other body markings are also present.
Another LBA dot-rosette example can be seen on CMS II 052, a LM I hematite seal stone now located in the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion. While not depicted explicitly on a human face, the seal consists of 4 'floating' objects isolated from any background - an eye, ear, and two dot-rosettes. CMS II 052 (pictured below right) therefore provides evidence of an explicit association of dot-rosettes with other human facial features.
With the explicit proviso I have yet to find scholarly discussion regarding a link to facial markings specifically (unsurprising with how extremely niche of a subtopic this is), through my own research I've found some fragmentary examples of apparent facial dot-rosette markings on phi Φ type figurines. As currently for many phi Φ types no comprehensive pigment analysis exists, or if undertaken most technical reports are not publicly available, so my interpretation of painted facial markings cannot at this stage be definitively confirmed. This identification is instead based solely on visual surveying of available material, with some examples seemingly depicting dot-rosette facial markings that have degraded due to pigment loss over time. One such example is below, a LH III phi Φ type grave good from Tanagra, now displayed in the Archaeological Museum of Thebes (where this picture was taken, by me). On the figurine's left cheek two dots are visible, potentially once part of a larger dot-rosette motif (especially considering pigment loss is evident elsewhere on the figure).
Facial Markings more generally in the archaeological record:
Looking not *just* at dot-rosettes but more broadly at the practice of facial markings in the LBA Aegean there is a greater body of evidence. They appear within a larger variety of contexts, depicted on votive offerings, grave goods, religious objects, and as artistic imagery within high status urban complexes, domestic spaces, peak sanctuaries, and even rock shelters. Notably, while many of these depictions may hold ritual purposes they are represented not just on goddesses but also on explicitly confirmed non-divine women (in fact, I'd argue the majority are mortal rather than divine). This suggests that facial markings were practised by real LBA women in the Aegean, albeit likely not as common, everyday practice for majority of the population. At current, there is no absolute consensus on whether this was achieved by temporary cosmetics (most likely?), tattooing, scarification, or some other method with a variety of generally simple geometric designs depicted within the archaeological record.
The simplest design of facial markings - red, blush-like circular blobs on the cheeks - can be seen on multiple frescoes, see below pictured examples of women within the House of the Ladies Fresco from LBA Akrotiri, Thera; as well as another female plaster head from Mycenae, the smaller and more damaged NAM.7712 pictured below right.
Simple cheek circle markings are also represented on other figurines such as ceramic head AMH.Π1102 from Agious Antonios (pictured below left & centre), or on this stunning clay woman's head found at the Pisokephalo peak sanctuary, with a very distinct red pigmented mark on her left cheek (pictured below right, taken by me at the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion)
Diamond facial marks also occurred, evident on a few terracotta Mycenaean figures, MM.320 (left) and MM.1552 (right), both images taken at the Archaeology Museum of Mycenae by me
A favourite of mine from Agia Triada, the fragmentary AHM.Π3085 shows unique fragmentary forehead marks of concentric semi or full circles. (below left taken by me at the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion)
Appearing significantly more frequently are depictions of (painted?) red ears, for example seen in the West House Priestess Fresco from Akrotiri (below right taken by me at the Prehistoric Museum of Thira)
The above examples of facial markings designs are not exhaustive, but with many of the remaining extant designs being unique and/or in poor condition I've tried to only discuss those that are of most relevance.
Of these examples, majority come from secure religious contexts and while some could potentially depict divinity, many can also be ruled out as not depicting goddesses at all - but rather real women. While most likely these would be high ranking priestesses, worshippers, holders of some other specific ritual function, or otherwise high status individuals (rather than the average woman) it is clear that some form of cosmetic facial marks were practised by some LBA women. The rarity of depictions likely means these markings held a specific ritual or social meaning no longer evident today. Regarding rosettes specifically, it was a much more widespread motif in textiles, art, architecture, and jewellery then depicted as a facial marking, however several examples *do* exist - with NAM.4575 being the most spectacular and well known.
For more in depth discussion and research on rosettes and/or facial markings within the LBA Aegean I've listed a few articles in the readmore below. I've tried to only add ones that are freely available online, but for the ones that aren't feel free to dm for pdf copies. All imagery not taken by me are from publicly available sources (wikimedia commons, the Arachne CMS database, open access publications, and online museum digital collections)
Further reading:
Blakolmer, H. 2012 ‘Body Marks and Textile Ornaments in Aegean Iconography: Their Meaning and Symbolism’ in KOSMOS ed. Nosh and Laffineur.
Earle, J. 2012 ‘Cosmetics and Cult Practices in the Bronze Age Aegean? A Case Study of Women with Red Ears’ in KOSMOS ed. Nosh and Laffineur.
Nicolakaki-Kentrou, M. 2007 'Artists exchanging vocabularies: the dot-rosette motif on ceramics and textiles of the 2nd millennium BC in Egypt and the Aegean' in Mediterranean Crossroads. ed. Antoniaou and Pace.
Palaiologu, H. 2015 'A Female Painted Plaster Figure from Mycenae' in Mycenaean Wall Painting in Context. New Discoveries, Old Finds Reconsidered. ed. Brecoulaki, Davis, and Stoker.
Rehak, P. 2005 'The 'Sphinx' Head from the Cult Center at Mycenae'. British Archaeological Reports.
Yes, it would still be better than a catastrophic civil war that killed thousands of innocent people. That's also completely beside the point, their personal happiness is not correlated with the moral value of feudal engagement contracts or the moral cost of breaking them. No, this is not me arguing that she would be perfectly happy with Rhaegar if only it wasn't for the war. Robert-Lyanna and Rhaegar-Lyanna do not exist in a mutually exclusive binary of happiness. Both of these relationships can suck and end in misery for all parties involved in their own different way.
The subject at hand is the personal relationship potential of a normal marriage between Robert and Lyanna. Waaaaay too many people seem to have swallowed Robert's manic pixie dream girl delusions regarding Lyanna and in what I can only describe as anti Targ fervor, contrarianismed themselves into the position of saying "ackchyually they would happy if only Lyanna just gave Robert a chance, Ned is wrong".
Yeah. Nah. Allow me to explain why.
Let's start from the biggest basis for this "happy with Robert" fantasy that comes up in every discussion. AFFC chapters of Cersei mentioning how Robert invited her to hunts and various outings during their early marriage which she hated and eventually snapped back at him, causing a fight and Robert giving up on inviting her anywhere.
The common interpretation of these are that Robert was trying to build a relationship with her but Cersei just didn't appreciate his efforts and Lyanna would love to be outdoors. Sounds about right. Except, of course, all these activities Robert kept pestering her to join were all things Robert enjoyed and would do on his own anyway. Robert can't be arsed to find out what Cersei wants. He can't be arsed to ask her neither. He just tries to drag her along to what he wants to do and what happens when Cersei eventually gets fed up? He beats her. And then never bothers to connect with her again.
This isn't a case of Robert showing attention to Cersei which is ungratefully fails to reciprocate. This is Robert half assedly pushing his wife around and then flipping his shit when she says enough. Robert does as he pleases and if people don't wanna accommodate him, he turns hostile and drops them like a hot potato.
And this behavior isn't unique to his interactions with Cersei. Robert does this to everyone. His brothers, his friends, his advisors. There is a reason he is surrounded almost exclusively by lickspittles, traitors and Lannister spies in AGOT, and it's not because he is oh so caring about other people's concerns and interests. People who don't care for his wellbeing have no problem indulging him and telling him what he wants to hear, and in turn are indulged by him. Meanwhile anyone trying to raise legitimate issues or push back on his hedonistic nonsense becomes persona non grata.
An entire council, almost all them knew he was being cuckholded, his own brother included and no one can dare tell him. Why? They know he won't listen.
People also extrapolate from these Cersei chapters and Robert's overall interest in hunting and hawking that Robert wanted an athletic, outdoors type girl, a "not like other girls" type instead of the more "traditionally feminine" Cersei and since Lyanna is supposed to be exactly that, they would work out.
Except, we do know the kind of women Robert likes to be with, and they are not anything like Lyanna. And no, I am not just talking about the fact that overwhelming majority of them are serving wenches or prostitutes who cannot say no to him even if they wanted to.
From serving girls at the Eyrie to coy widows of his vassals to virgin nobles to whores, they are all cheerful, eager to please and admiring of him. Precisely none of those traits are present in Lyanna.
Lyanna as we know her is wild, confrontational and willful. She rushes to fight the squires attacking Howland Reed, she pours a cup of wine over her own brother's head for a simple jest, she refuses to let go of the grudge against the squires and escalates to the point of joining the tourney as a mystery knight and then elopes with a married man with kids instead of marrying her bethrothal arranged for her. She is hotheaded, proud and stubborn.
Do you know who else is hotheaded, proud and stubborn? Someone confrontational and willful? Cersei.
There in lies the main confusion regarding Robert. Cersei is such an evil piece of shit, such a deranged psychopath, it colors people's perception of their marriage. Cersei is cuckholding him, cheating on him constantly, trying (and eventually succeeding) to kill him. But Robert doesn't know any of that. No, just because he doesn't know, doesn't mean he wasn't harmed by it. But the point isn't "harm". It's behavior.
And what he doesn't know, cannot inform it. Robert doesn't resent Cersei because of her bastards. He isn't beating her because she is cheating on him. He is doing it because she talks back at him, makes demands of him, gets in his face and pushes back. And for that, he beats her.
As far as Robert is concerned, Cersei is an exceptionally beautiful woman who bore him 3 healthy children including 2 sons. Her father is bankrolling his hedonistic spendthrift lifestyle. And he beats her and resents her because "She is nagging me Ned. She is so annoying Ned. She is so uppity Ned".
What happens when Lyanna talks back at him? When she confronts him about his drinking? When she doesn't wanna go to the Estermonts'?
Some apologists hide behind the excuse that Robert only became like that after the war, but as far as we know from AGOT, his vices have always been there. Robert was a serial philanderer and drunkard long before the rebellion. He was just in his teens, keeping him fit. He didn't "gain" new bad habits post war via PTSD. He just got older and his metabolism stopped bailing him out.
"Oh if Robert wasn't king he would be fit!" There was nothing stopping him from keeping a proper training regimen. He literally has zero authorities above him, he could just spar with his KG every morning and could choose to eat less. And as the Lord of Storm's End, he wasn't going to have any less autonomy in his personal life. The King doesn't bother pestering his vassals about their weight. Iron Throne doesn't have fitness tests for Lord Paramounts.
"Oh, but he would be able to join tourneys and that would keep him fit!" First of all, there aren't enough tourneys in not 10, let alone 1 westeros to spend all those calories. And tourneys aren't modern Olympics. There are no weight requirements. There are no rigorous health checkups he needs to make. He can be as fat and drunk as he wants and he wouldn't be denied entry as the Lord of Stormlands.
And neither hunting nor hawking are lazy hobbies. They require a lot of physical effort and yet, he was still severely obese.
Robert wasn't exactly "busy" running the realm. This isn't a guy locked behind a desk with mounting responsibilities which kept him from paying attention to his health, prevented him from exercising. He barely bothers holding court, attends small council meetings never. He was free to do as he pleased while all the real work fell onto his subordinates. And what did he choose to with his time? Whoring, drinking, eating, hunting, hawking. All hobbies he had long before there was any rebellion.
Robert's attitude in bed also deserves a mention, albeit a smaller one. He is a brute. He brutalizes Cersei from the very first. Lyanna might be super outdoorsy, but how willing would she be to ride around on horseback if she was mauled the night before with sores all over he body, maybe a tear in her vagina? How "receptive" will she be of Robert's attempts to "connect" with her when he keeps pinching her breasts to the point of near blood and blaming it all on alcohol when asked to "please stop hurting me?"
The argument always seems to be that "Robert wouldn't do that to Ned's sister." Yet Robert doesn't show no such care to Ned's children.
Robert believes in some magic from Lyanna that would fix all his troubles and a portion of the fandom also seems to think there is indeed some magic in Lyanna that's gonna give Robert a complete personality transplant.
Yet there doesn't seem to be any magic in this setting that can change a man's nature. Resurrections, dragons, undead armies, scrying, mental projections, mind control, prophesies and time travel galore, yet not one spell that can turn a man into a better one like a light switch.
Lyanna cannot fix Robert. She cannot fix Rhaegar neither. Nor is it her job. You all have to let this one go.
Thank youu!! Your art has been so thought provoking and it's equally beautiful to look at, tear-inducing at times with the softness and beauty you're able to capture...I've been meaning to draw her for a while. I love her in all clothes but her alt scene queen era is always nice.
Thank youu!! Your art has been so thought provoking and it's equally beautiful to look at, tear-inducing at times with the softness and beauty you're able to capture...I've been meaning to draw her for a while. I love her in all clothes but her alt scene queen era is always nice.
Did anyone order a compilation of Caines from my next WIP comic? No? Well I did. In my mind. Also a couple of Daisies because without her I am nothing but the empty shell of myself, fighting alone against the waves of life.
I still can't believe Heroes of Olympus had the audacity to introduce the concept of the gods having a roman form, of Neptune being feared and disrespected by the romans, of Percy, inspite of this, becoming praetor, of Percy beginning to explore the "darker side of his powers, of percy defeating the arch nemesis of Poseidon/ Neptune practically by himself, yet still chose not to have a single appearance of Neptune or a single interaction between him and Percy
Top 10 anime betrayals of all time
Rick Riordan did that specifically because he hates me, Helena, on a personal level
Every time exclusionists come up with a new enemy, it seems like the core tenet is, "this group's relative privilege means they should be deprived of, community, resources, compassion, or are otherwise invading and stealing from us, the real oppressed group."
Aro and ace exclusion was like this, they'd say "Asexuals are basically straight, they can just pass as straight, nobody cares if they want to fuck or not, there's aromantic straight man invading Pride, there are quirky asexual straight girls pretending to be queer, asexuals are appropriating Stone and oppressing lesbians."
Bisexual exclusion and it was all, "Bisexuals are basically straight, they can just avoid oppression by being straight, these fucking bisexual women are bringing their homophobic straight boyfriends to pride, bisexual women are appropriating butch and femme, and they can't say dyke, those are lesbian only terms, bisexual women are oppressing lesbians."
And now it's like, "Trans men are basically cis. They can just avoid oppression by saying they are men, these fucking trans men are dangerous rapists who can pretend to be women to avoid consequences, trans men are appropriating T4T, and they can't say tranny, and can't say they were once "eggs", those are trans woman only terms. Trans men are oppressing women."
This isn't even all, transmeds also fit this bill, their enemy is just "the transtrender menace."
Like here we are again, rooting out the fake queers, policing them, traumatizing an entire community, and when we all get embarrassed about how we fell for yet another fucking queer moral panic, the damage will be downplayed, nobody will learn anything and we'll move onto the next secretly privileged queer group who needs to be annihilated in order to defend some poor defenseless women who cannot possibly defend themselves from these ugly mannish straight invaders... huh, wait a second.... why does that sound so familiar?
For those who aren't catching the hint, all of these movements have rhetoric which maps directly onto TERF rhetoric where, "Trans people are privileged invaders, they aren't really oppressed at all, they are dangerous rapists, and mentally ill liars. They are invading lesbian communities, and transing the remaining lesbians, and trans people's very existence is an existential threat to women."