The ideals behind all of Tolkien’s writing can be seen as black and white. There are very clear “dos and do nots” all through it. The origin story of Middle Earth as set down in the Silmarillion is eerily similar to the story of the Fall of Man in Paradise Lost. It’s a world where the rules are there for a reason and those that follow those rules are good and the ones who don’t are bad.
The complexity- and genius- comes in the form of Tolkien’s very realistic characters. It’s a gorgeous picture of these flawed beings (no matter the race) and how they operate within and out of those rules. This is what makes every story of Middle Earth so heart breaking. They’re fantastical and larger than life: heroic and tragic and whimsical and hilarious. And within this fantastical world, we see people. People Tolkien knew, people and languages he made up or studied in the old high legends and mythology anthologies, people he fought with in the war and people he loved and hated. All of these people have flaws. They are undeniably human in a world of dragons and wizards. Thus, they react to these things as a human would react: with love and despair and anger and all those little struggles we as humans go through on a day to day basis.
When Middle Earth goes bad, it goes really bad. But is it the fault of the world itself? The rules set in place in the first chapter of the Silmarillion? No. It’s the fault of the people in it. The people form the world and all that is good and bad in it. All of their actions have consequences. None of these people are perfect, not even Aragon or Gandalf. Every single person in Tolkien’s writings messes up- like in our real world. Also as in the real world, it’s how those people deal with those mistakes that matters.
For example: when Saruman makes a mistake, be it consulting with a Palantir or enslaving the Shire, he always hides it away. He hides his turning to the Eye of Sauron so completely that even his closest friend, Gandalf, cannot see the betrayal until it’s too late. What if he had seen it? What if he had acknowledged his suspicions of Saruman earlier? Could Saruman have been saved? We’ll never know, because Saruman, even when given the chance to turn back to a life of good deeds and caring about people, didn’t.
On the flip side, what if Sam had killed Gollum on Mount Doom? What if there was no rage to carry the Ring over the cliff side into the fiery depths? Would Frodo have lost his footing and fallen in, causing Sam untold guilt and the Company immense sorrow even in the face of victory? Would he have repeated the actions of Isildur and kept the ring causing the destruction of the world? We’ll never know because even though Frodo himself failed, the ring found its way into the chasm.
The difference is that despite Frodo’s mistakes, and despite all the good Saruman did for the white council, Frodo was the one with the heart for others and the will to do better. Saruman thought only of himself and didn’t care who he had to hurt to make himself comfortable. That selfishness vs. selflessness is seen all throughout Tolkien- Aragorn vs. Isildur, Gandalf vs. Saruman, Theoden vs. Wormtongue, Sauron vs. Beren and Luthien, and I could go on for years.
So yes, in a sense, the world of Middle Earth Is black and white: the people who do things for selfish reasons, even though they do good things sometimes, will always fall to the darkness. Those who handle their failures with a heart for others and a desire to make the world better will ultimately become a hero. It’s idealistic and reflective of Tolkien’s beliefs. However the people he writes into these seemingly simple and stark principles are anything but black and white. They are scared and depressed and tired and smart and stupid and scholars, fat and lazy and nosy and good cooks and bad cooks and poets and songwriters and shipbuilders and betrayers and liars and idealistic and naive and they are all relatable. They’re real. They’re based on real people and legends and myths of real people, but each character in Middle Earth is unique with their own set of beliefs and motivations and they are so colorful. They shape the barren slate that was Middle Earth into the beautiful flawed place that she is.