#bio study guide

[er-cryptid]

ACh

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter

Alters postsynaptic membrane permeability

Depolarizes or hyperpolarizes membrane

[er-cryptid]

Dynein

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[noxstopxandxxgo]

Bio 22 - brief overview of Kingdom Animalia - Obviously not complete phylogeny

Parazoan Phylum: (Acoelomates) Porifera - sponges - organized into superficial pinacoderm, middle mesohyl with spicule generating amoebocytes, and deep layer of choanocyte lined spongocoel.

Eumetazoan Phyla: P. Cnidaria* though diploblastic (ectoderm and endoderm) - intervening layer of mostly acellular jelly ‘mesoglea’. broken down into 4 Classes: -Anthozoa (anemones & corals gorgonians and sea pens)-eg -Hydrozoa (corals & hydrids and siphonophores) -Scyphozoa (jellies & nettles and sea wasps) -Cubozoa (box jellies) [In order from decreasing predominance of polyp stage v medusa]

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Composed of 3 Classes - 2 parasitic, 1 free living -(free-living) Turbellaria : with external cilia and sensory organs -Cestoidea commonly known as tapeworm, with proglottid hermaphroditic segments and a *scolex head with hooks -Trematoda with 2 larval forms miricidium (in intermediate host) and cercaria in final host

Protostomes [or “True Coelomates” now follow], of the Clade Lophotrochozoa:

Lophophores we briefly named: Phylum Bryozoa/Ectoprocta eg- lace coral Phylum Phoronida Phylum Brachiopoda

Trochophores- has larval stage at some point in life cycle

Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca

P. Annelida consists of 3 Classes -Polychaeta eg sand worm (class generally has parapodia and setae for locomotion and gas exchange) -Oligochaeta eg earthworm (lacking parapodia and a well-defined head, body wall contains some setae) -Hirudinea eg leeches (no parapodia or setae)

Phylum Mollusca (Broken down into five class categories) Polyplacophora- eg chitons Scaphopoda- tusk shells Gastropoda- eg snails, limpets, nudibrachs, conches, whelks and limpets Bivalvia- yummy ones: scallops, oysters, mussels and clams Cephalopoda- squids, nautiluses and octopuses

For the other Protostomes, of the clade Ecdysozoa we covered:

Phylum Nematoda Phylum Arthropoda

Organized as five Subphylum -Trilobitomorpha -Chelicerata (classes Xiphosurida, Arachnida and Pynogonida) -Crustacea -Hexapoda (bees, flies and bugs) -Myriapoda (Cl. Chilopoda -carnivorous centipedes and Cl. Diplopoda, herbivorous millipedes)

And 2 of 4 Deuterostomes:

Phylum Echinodermata (five classes fittingly, as most exhibit secondary pentamerous symmetry) Class Asteroidea “sea stars” Class Ophiuroidea “brittle stars & basket” Class Echinoidea- sea urchins and sand dollars Class Holothuroidea -sea cucumbers Class Crinoidea “sea lilies and feather stars”

Phylum Chordata (Subphylum Urochordata sea salps & squirts) (Subphylum Cephalochordata with gill slits, postanal tail, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord eg, lancets) (Subphylum Vertebrata/Craniata) Broken down into 7 classes 3 fish-like vertebrates: Class Agnatha “jawless fishes” (Following under “superclass” designation Gnathostomata*) Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes Class Osteichthyes the “bony fishes”

& 4 Tetrapods, quite fittingly Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia

[working-to-work-harder]

Stellar video about the Meselson and Stahl experiment and why figuring out how DNA replicates is so important. 

[pvtcakebagmcgee]

Almost....finished...with study guide! This took forever.