#fermion

[megamifantasia]

[rauko]

Super–Kamiokande | Kamioka Observatory Chamber [Japan, 1996] University of Tokyo | Institute for Cosmic Ray Research [ICRR,1976]

The precursor neutrino detection facility of ICRR's highly anticipated Hyper-Kamiokande with 20k Photomultiplier Tubes vs. Super-K's 11k

[illusoryfem]

[pterosauridae]

Behold, the Standard Model of particle physics!

Year and a half ago I got some pins from CERN as a Christmas gift from my cousin (last pic), and I decided to redraw them in my own way of interpretation. No one has ever seen these so I can have a creative burst of making their design without any limits.

The world's not made up from atoms as the smallest things we know. So let's take a short deep dive of what is (might be) universe made of:

1st class: Leptons

• Electron: both particle and a wave, amber colour, which his name derives from (ηλεκτρόνιο), the stuff that's flying around atom nuclei

• Muon: has moo-ing mouth, easily decays. Basically a heavier electron.

• Tauon/tau particle: extra thicc electron, more penetrating than e

• Neutrino: 3 types, almost unnoticeable to modern technology, casually flies through you without noticing (6.5×10¹⁰ of them pass through your every square cm every second)

2nd class: Bosons

• W± boson: can change quark colour

• Z⁰ boson: not charged, can't change quark colour

• Photon: you can see because of it, massless carrier of EM waves

• Gluon: glues quarks together, mine looks like a Klein bottle (why not, weird shape bottle with one side)

• Higgs boson: quirky one, joined the gang in 2012 and is the only scalar boson

• Graviton (?): prolly non-existent pain in the ass of many physicists

3rd class: Quarks (self-explanatory)

• Up

• Down

• Top

• Bottom

• Charm

• Strange

Hope you liked these designs and learned something along the wave!

[therealuniverse]

The Standard Model The Standard Model of Particle Physics comes from quantum physics, more specifically quantum field theory or ‘second quantization’; the idea of which is to apply the basic principles of quantum mechanics to physical fields. One of the main advantages of quantum field theory over the quantum mechanical approach is that it handles special relativity far better, which means that for practical purposes all quantum field theories are formulated to obey special relativity.

From the first half until the middle of the twentieth century, the quantum field theory called quantum electrodynamics was created; one of the physicists (among many) responsible for this theory was the famous Richard Feynman. Quantum electrodynamics is the canonical quantization of James Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism: canonical quantization is the procedure whereby you take a classical field theory and create a quantum field theory from it. After quantum electrodynamics several more quantum field theories were formulated to describe the other fundamental forces: quantum chromodynamics describes the strong force; the electroweak theory (aka quantum flavordynamics) is a unified description of both the electromagnetic and weak forces; as of yet the search for a theory of quantum gravity continues. The Higgs mechanism was first formulated for the electroweak theory to explain why the weak force carriers (the W and Z bosons) have mass while the electromagnetic force carriers (photons) do not. The Standard Model, rather than being a fundamental theory in its own right (physicists are still searching for a ‘Grand Unified Theory’ that would explain all the interactions in the Standard Model in a nice neat theory), is the combination of quantum chromodynamics and the electroweak theory in to a single framework. One of the advantages of the Standard Model is that particles can be grouped together by properties, which in turn can be used to predict new particles (just as in the periodic table for the elements). Within the Standard Model the Higgs mechanism has been expanded and is usually used to explain why all massive fundamental particles have mass. The announcement of the discovery of a massive boson where one would expect to find a Higgs boson was seen by many as further validation of the Standard Model. -John Davis The fundamental forces: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/funfor.html

[amentedesperta]

[funfactflapjack]

Electrons 101

1. Lightest stable subatomic particle (subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons)

2. Negative charge

3. The electron is the basic unit of electric charge

4. The mass of an electron is 9.10938356x10^-31 kilograms (2.026893794531861352x10^-23 lbs), which is 1/1,836 the mass of a proton

5. The electron is considered massless and is not included in the mass of the atom

Discovery

-English physicist JJ Thomson in 1897 while using cathode rays

-Initially, electrons were called corpuscles

-This played an important role in revolutionizing the way we came up with the atomic structure

Electron Configuration

-Electrons are bound to the positively charged nucleus of the atom (opposites attract) and most usually balances out the charge so the atom’s charge is 0

-However, an atom can be negatively or positively charged and these atoms are called ions

-Electrons can roam freely outside of atoms in clusters called plasma

-Electrons are inside of nucleus and move in orbitals

-The closer to the nucleus, the more tightly the electrons are held

-As they move, they diffuse a negatively charged cloud that covers almost all of the volume of the atom

-Electron configuration determines the size and chemical nature of the atom

Classifying Electrons

-The electron is a fermion (having half-integral angular momentum)

-Described by Fermi-Dirac Statistics

-The statistics characterize by the spin of the electron which corresponds with the motion of the particle

-The concept of the spin is within the formula/equation for an electron called the Dirac equation

-Electrons can be further classified as leptons which only react with electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces

Fermi-Dirac Statistics (1926-1927)

-Quantum Mechanics

-One of two ways to separate particles into energy states

Enrico Fermi (1901-1954)

-Italian-born American scientist who helped develop the Fermi-Dirac statistics

P.A.M. Dirac (1902-1984)

-English physicist who helped develop the Fermi-Dirac statistics

-Came up with the Dirac equation that determines the motion of the electron

Data from: https://www.britannica.com/science/electron

Have questions, need further explanation, or want more topics? Reply below!

[panfidaltekalitibi-blog]