A result of chemical accumulation and formation within the bladder epithelium
Dyes, textiles, rubbers, paints, plastics, leather tanning etc.
Analine dyes, 2-Naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, xenylamine, benzidine, o-toluidine
Schistosomiasis infection
Co-factors: smoking, diet, bacterial infection
Ketamine-associated ulcerative cystitis
Direct toxic damage by ketamine or metabolites
Can be invasive (in situ) or invasive (grown in to muscle layer)
Arises from transitional cells
Associated with shistosomiasis infection
Adenocarcinoma of the bladder
Arises from goblet cells within the bladder
Other very rare types include soft tissue sarcomas and neuroendocrine tumours.