This isn't me trying to shift blame or anything, but I will say I think something fandom seems to fundamentally misunderstand about Anakin's insecurities and issues with the Council, is that he wasn't actually power hungry really at all. He consistently expressed discomfort with certain responsibilities - especially power over others. He had a strong sense of duty, but also felt that he knew where he was best suited, and didn't think he should be wasting time on things that he felt others could handle.
And his biggest issue with the Council and Mace Windu? Was that he felt they didn't respect him.
Anakin very clearly functions off of the mindset that "respect is earned and not given". While the members of the Council arguably have done plenty to earn that respect, Anakin - especially with his background of being a former slave - is not going to see just the rank of Master and a seat on the Council as proof of their accomplishments and therefore worthy of respect. Especially when he feels that they don't respect him in return.
In ROTS when he complains about getting a seat on the Council but not the title of Master is unfair, he isn't just protesting because he thinks he's owed the title or anything or because he's whiny. He feels that by granting him a council seat but no title means they don't respect him. It's hard for him to see that just him getting a seat on the Council is an honor, when by keeping him at Knight it feels like they are still keeping him below them. (It also doesn't help that any of Anakin's own efforts to work through his emotions healthily or by talking to the other Jedi are always undermined by Palpatine sowing doubt in his ear, but that's another post.)
I think that's where a lot of his perceived arrogance comes from, too. Not to say he can't be a cocky little shit, but also anyone who knows Anakin as a character knows how deeply insecure and anxious he is as well. He's not really asking people to sing his praises (he will point to his men and Padawan and their efforts just as much), just that people acknowledge that he does good work and is therefore worthy of respect.
Respect is just, so, so important to Anakin. One of the first things Anakin says on screen is that he's Anakin Skywalker and "I'm a person", demanding respect and autonomy for himself when he has none.
He also consistently wields disrespect as a weapon, I think some like to see him as simply irreverent but I really do think it's something he does on purpose. Age is not necessarily a factor, nor is skill or position. So much of it is about treatment of him and treatment of others, that is what he is measuring the world by.
Of course, this doesn't always pan out in his favor (gestures at Palpatine) but I just don't think it's as malicious on either side of the constant disputes between Anakin and the Council as some people make it out to be. I don't think that the Council viewed him as lesser really when Qui-Gon brought him before the Council, it's easy to see how a recently enslaved 9 year old would view that interaction poorly. And it can be very hard to shake first impressions. I also think that Anakin feeling disrespected can come across as really childish to the Council when you forget the context of his upbringing and how important respect can be for people in bad situations.
It's something that very much carries over into his time as Vader too, considering that Vader is known for going after disrespectful and maliciously incompetent officers and not normally his troopers or those further down the rankings.
(I could honestly use even more examples if I dove into Legends with this, but was trying to keep it mostly canon verse for this post, so I'll end it here.)
Just! The thing Anakin values possibly even more than loyalty is! Proper respect!
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