In Hortum: Calendula & Catnip
CALENDULA
Calendula officinalis
Romans called it: calendula, from calendae, “first day of the month”
Here in Florida, most of the annuals at garden centers labeled “marigold” (the ones recommended for repelling garden pests) are actually what’s known as French Marigolds, Tagetes patula. This flower is unrelated to calendula and is not used medicinally. Which is kind of a bummer, because I grew them all my life thinking they were calendula. :( True marigolds are in the genus Calendula; there are about a dozen cultivars. Pot Marigold, Calendula officinalis, is the star of the show.
Though used mostly for medicine, calendula was also found in the Roman kitchen. In medieval Europe the petals were used to color butter, cheese, and soup, a practice some think originated in Roman times. We do know the Romans used dried calendula petals to thin out expensive saffron and make it last longer, and also that calendula vinaigrette was one of the most popular Roman salad dressings. Calendula wine was also enjoyed as a digestif.
Medicinally, though, calendula was a must-have. If anise was the Pepto and borage was the Prozac, calendula was the Neosporin. It would have been found in just about every first-aid kit, apothecary, and infirmary, in various formats (but only the flowers, not the leaves or stems). Taken internally as tea, Romans believed calendula prevented and/or broke fevers after injury; externally it was a staple in all kinds of poultices, salves, ointments, and balms. Those little powerhouse petals were used to treat everything from battle wounds to kitchen burns to diaper rash, and they still are to this day.
Speeds healing of skin wounds and injuries
Helps prevent and fight off external infection
Helps prevent and bring down fevers
Calms internal & external inflammations
Calendic acid is a moderate antiseptic/antiviral
Volatile oils are also styptics (regulates bloodflow)
Flavonoids and saponins can speed tissue repair
Widely used today in lotions, balms, and ointments
My grandmother grew (french) marigolds all over our property when I was a kid, and I grew up thinking those scraggly orange/yellow/red puffballs were the same ones the ancient types played with. Alas, I was wrong. The upside is, true calendula are prettier and smell nicer, and I can get seeds at Lowe’s. Bonus.
CATNIP (CATMINT)
Nepeta cataria
Romans called it: nepeta, possibly an ancient city name
There are about 250 plant species under the name Nepeta, all members of the mint family. The variety sold today as catnip is Nepeta cataria; there is a species called Nepeta grandiflora or “giant catmint”, but the names catnip/catmint refer to Nepeta cataria. Catnip is a mint, and while here in the US many people think of it as a feline toy only, lots of people do drink catnip tea and use the leaves in salads and seasonings. Such was the case in Roman times. Catnip was a common ingredient in fresh salads, with both Columella and Apicus including it in their recipes (Romans loved their salads, let me tell you); they also cooked with the herb much the same way we cook with mints today, in sauces and with meats. I found one recipe for “Roman roasted meat” which used catnip as the main spice rub, but I couldn’t confirm the source.
As in Roman food, Catnip was used in Roman medicine the same way as other mints, often taken in tea form to calm the digestive system and soothe the nerves. Pliny called it “Nep” and prescribed it as an eyewash, gargle, and nasal wash for nosebleed. He compared it to pennyroyal, which he recommended for regulating menstruation and calming chills or fever, and he also recognized it as an insect repellent, even claiming it would flush out intestinal parasites. Women drank catnip tea to cleanse the womb after childbirth and promote fertility when trying to conceive. The plant was valuable in gardens because it repelled rats, snakes, insects, and other pests. And yes, Romans did give it to their cats. They loved Fluffius Maximus too.
Calms and soothes digestive problems
Promotes sweating, which can aid fever
Promotes relaxation, calms “hysteria”
Healthful to female reproductive organs
The cat-pleasing substance, nepetalactone, is an insect repellent
Essential oil is a mild diaphoretic (induces sweating)
Being a mint, it calms the digestive tract and dispels gas,
but if drunk hot in large quantities, it can be an emetic. oops.
Today catnip is on par with chamomile as a gentle tea for insomnia, anxiety, and colicky or teething children. You can find it in many herbal teas for relaxation – it may drive your cat bonkers, but it will have the opposite effect on you. Alas, contrary to what you may have heard in middle school, smoking it will not make you high. Sorry.