The Rabbit Hole of Plantagenet Genealogy
Remember how I said I wasted an entire day looking up family trees and giving myself a migraine? Well, here's all the nonsense I dredged up.Â
WARNING TL;DR
Edward III Line of Succession
In 1377, just before his death, Edward III drew up an entail for the English crown. The point of this entail was to make the crown devolve only in a male line. It was meant to codify a pseudo-Salic form of inheritance, where only male agnates would be in the line of succession. Â Until that time, though the law itself was far from settled, the English throne had been passed down by male-preference cognatic primogeniture, where female lines of descent were allowed, but male offspring took precedence over female offspring of the same parent(s).Â
So, on Edward III's death in 1377, there were two possible lines of succession:Â
Agnatic
Richard of Bordeaux (surviving son of Edward, the Black Prince, Edward III's eldest son)
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV) (elder son of 2)
Edmund of Langley, Duke of York
Edward of Norwich (elder son of 4)
Richard of Conisburgh (younger son of 4)
Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester
Cognatic
Richard of BordeauxÂ
Philippa of Clarence, Countess of Ulster and March (only child of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son)
Roger Mortimer (elder son of 2)
Edmund Mortimer (younger son of 2)
Elizabeth Mortimer (elder daughter of 2)
Philippa Mortimer (younger daughter of 2)
John of Gaunt
Henry Bolingbroke (elder son of 7)
Philippa of Lancaster (elder daughter of 7)
Elizabeth of Lancaster (younger daughter of 7)
Catherine of Lancaster (younger daughter of 7)
Edmund of Langley
Edward of Norwich (elder son of 12)
Richard of Conisburgh (younger son of 12)
Constance of York (only daughter of 12)Â
Thomas of WoodstockÂ
Isabella (elder daughter of Edward III)
Joan (second daughter of Edward III)
Mary (third daughter of Edward III)
Margaret (youngest daughter of Edward III)
Richard of Bordeaux was first in line regardless of the succession plan, and when Edward III died, 9-year old Richard became King Richard II and everyone assumed the rest of the entail was moot, i.e. Richard would marry, have his own children follow him on to the throne, etc. Obviously, Richard II would have preferred that outcome, but it was not to be. At his deposition in 1399, the two forms of succession looked as follows:Â
Agnatic
Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Hereford (later Henry IV; eldest son of John of Gaunt)
Henry of Monmouth (eldest son of 1)
Thomas of Lancaster (next son of 1)
John of Lancaster (next son of 1)
Humphrey of Lancaster (youngest son of 1)
Edmund of Langley
Edward of Norwich (elder son of 2; now Earl of Rutland and Duke of Aumale)
Richard of Conisburgh (younger son of 2)
Humphrey, Earl of Buckingham (only son of Thomas of Woodstock)
Cognatic
Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (eldest grandson of Philippa of Clarence)
Roger Mortimer (younger brother of 1)
Anne Mortimer (elder sister of 1)
Eleanor Mortimer (younger sister of 1)
Sir Edmund Mortimer (paternal uncle of 1)
Lionel Mortimer (only son of 5; grandson of Owain Glyndwr)
Unnamed Mortimer (daughter of 5)
Unnamed Mortimer (daughter of 5)
Unnamed Mortimer (daughter of 5)
Elizabeth Mortimer (paternal aunt of 1; now Lady Percy; wife of Henry (Hotspur) Percy)
Henry Percy (son of 6)
Elizabeth Percy (daughter of 6)Â
Phillippa Mortimer
Henry Bolingbroke
Henry of MonmouthÂ
Thomas of Lancaster
John of Lancaster
Humphrey of Lancaster
Blanche (daughter of 14)
Phillippa (youngest daughter of 14)
House of Aviz (line of descent through Philippa of Lancaster; Queen of Portugal; elder sister of 14)
House of Trastamara (line of descent through Catherine of Lancaster: Queen of Castile; sister of 14)
Edward of Norwich, Duke of York
Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge
Constance of York
So by now the agnatic and cognatic successions have split off widely. On Richard's deposition, Henry Bolingbroke ascended the throne as Henry IV. Â In taking the throne, he had stressed his descent from Edward III in the male line. Also, one of Henry's parliaments passed an act confirming the legitimacy of his Beaufort half-siblings, but barring them from the crown. Accordingly, at his death in 1413, there were actually three lines of succession: the agnatic (or Lancastrian) line, the cognatic (or Mortimer) line, and the Beaufort line (which ignores the impediment to inheritance introduced by Henry IV), but would otherwise be agnatic (i.e. female lines of descent were not considered).Â
Agnatic
Henry of Monmouth, Prince of Wales (later Henry V)
Thomas, Duke of Clarence (younger brother of 1)
John, Duke of Bedford (younger brother of 1)
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (youngest brother of 1)
Edward of Norwich, Duke of York
Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge
Richard Plantagenet (son of 6)
The line ends here, all other agnates either having died without issue or having only surviving daughters.Â
Cognatic
Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March
Richard Plantagenet (sororal nephew of 1)
Isabel Plantagenet (sororal niece of 1)
Elizabeth Mortimer (paternal aunt of 1)
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland (son of 4)
Elizabeth Percy (now Lady Clifford; daughter of 4)
Henry of Monmouth
Thomas, Duke of Clarence
John, Duke of Bedford
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
Blanche (now Electress Palatine; sister of 7)
Rupert, Prince of the Palatine (son of 11)
Philippa (now Queen of Norway, Sweden and Denmark; sister of 7)
House of AvizÂ
House of TrastamaraÂ
Edward of Norwich, Duke of York
Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge
Richard Plantagenet (same as 2)
Isabel Plantagenet (same as 3)
Isabel le Despenser (sororal niece of 16 and 17)
Anne of Gloucester (now Countess of Stafford; daughter of Thomas of Woodstock)
Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (son of 21)
(Lines of descent from daughters of Edward III)
Beaufort
Henry of Monmouth, Prince of Wales (later Henry V)
Thomas, Duke of Clarence (younger brother of 1)
John, Duke of Bedford (younger brother of 1)
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (youngest brother of 1)
Henry Beaufort, Earl of Somerset (eldest son of eldest paternal half-cousin of 1)
Henry Beaufort (paternal half-cousin of 1)
Thomas Beaufort (paternal half-cousin of 1)
Edward of Norwich, Duke of York
Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge
Richard Plantagenet
Henry V did not bother with an entail. His crown was secure and he expected his son to inherit from him, which happened in due course. On his death in 1422, these were the respective lines of succession:Â
Agnatic
Henry, Duke of Cornwall (later Henry VI)
John, Duke of Bedford (paternal uncle of 1)
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
Richard Plantagenet (now Duke of York)
Cognatic
Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York (nephew and heir of 1)
Isabel Plantagenet (now Lady Grey; elder sister of 2)
Unnamed Grey (son of 3)
Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland
Henry Percy (eldest son of 5)
Thomas Percy (younger son of 5)
Henry, Duke of Cornwall
John, Duke of Bedford
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
Rupert, Prince of the Palatine
Philippa, Queen of Norway, Sweden and Denmark
House of AvizÂ
House of TrastamaraÂ
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York (same as 2)
Isabel Plantagenet  (same as 3)
Unnamed Grey (same as 4)
Isabel le Despenser (now Countess of Worcester)
Elizabeth de Beauchamp (daughter of 18)
Anne of Gloucester (now Countess of Eu)
Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (son of 20)
Anne Stafford (daughter of 20; married to 1)
Henry Bourchier (son of 20)
William Bourchier (son of 20)
Thomas Bourchier (son of 20)
Agnatic/Beaufort
Henry, Duke of Cornwall
John, Duke of Bedford
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
Thomas Beaufort (younger brother of 4)
Edmund Beaufort (youngest brother of 4)
Henry Beaufort (now Cardinal Beaufort)
Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter (paternal uncle of 4)
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York
At the time of Henry VI's first deposition in 1461, these were the three lines of succession:Â
Agnatic/Lancastrian
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
Edward Plantagenet, Duke of York
George Plantagenet (younger brother of 2)
Richard Plantagenet (youngest brother of 2)
Cognatic/Yorkist
Edward Plantagenet, Duke of York (Mortimer line of descent merged into York line of descent)
George Plantagenet (younger brother of 1)
Richard Plantagenet (younger brother of 2)
Anne, Duchess of Exeter (eldest sister of 1)
Anne Holland (daughter of 4; Anne of Gloucester's female line of descent merged into York)
Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk (younger sister of 1)
Margaret of York (younger sister of 1)
Isabel Plantagenet (now Countess of Essex; paternal aunt of 1)
Unnamed Grey (son of 3)
William Bourchier (son of 8; by Henry Bourchier; Anne of Gloucester's junior line of descent merged into York)
Henry Bourchier (son of 8)
Humphrey Bourchier (son of 8)
John Bourchier (son of 8)
Thomas Bourchier (son of 8)
Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland (grandson of 2nd Earl of Northumberland)
(lines of descent through four younger sisters of 15)
(lines of descent through three uncles of 15)
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
House of AvizÂ
House of Trastamara
George Neville, Baron Bergavenny (grandson of Isabel le Despenser through her daughter Elizabeth de Beauchamp)
Anne de Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick (daughter of Isabel le Despenser by Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick)
Isabel Neville (elder daughter of 19)
Anne Neville (younger daughter of 19)
Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (great-grandson of Anne of Gloucester; her senior line of descent)
Agnatic/Beaufort
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
Henry Beaufort (eldest son of 2)
Edmund Beaufort (younger brother of 3)
John Beaufort (youngest brother of 3)
Edward Plantagenet, Duke of York
George Plantagenet
Richard Plantagenet
At Henry VI's second deposition in 1471, these were the lines of succession:Â
Agnatic/Lancastrian
Edward Plantagenet, Duke of York (now Edward IV)
Edward of the Sanctuary, Prince of Wales (son of 1)
George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester
Well, isn't that a coincidence! By 1471, the Lancastrian claimants are all from the House of York.
Cognatic/Yorkist
Edward Plantagenet, Duke of York (now Edward IV)
Edward of the Sanctuary, Prince of Wales (eldest son of 1)
Elizabeth Plantagenet (eldest daughter of 1)
Mary Plantagenet (daughter of 1)
Cecily Plantagenet (daughter of 1)
George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester
Anne, Duchess of ExeterÂ
Anne Holland (now Marchioness of Dorset; daughter of 5)
Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (son of 10)
Edward de la Pole (son of 10)
Edmund de la Pole (son of 10)
Elizabeth de la Pole (daughter of 10)
Et seq.Â
Beaufort
Edward Plantagenet, Duke of York (now Edward IV)
Edward of the Sanctuary, Prince of Wales (son of 1)
George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester
So what's going on here? These people aren't Beauforts! All the male Beauforts were dead by 1471, without leaving male issue. So the senior Beaufort claimants are all members of the House of York, by virtue of descent in the male line from Edmund of Langley. This may explain why the Lancastrian threat effectively disappeared in the second part of Edward IV's reign. It was resurrected by Margaret Beaufort because she was now the senior-most Lancastrian, but in 1471, nobody regarded her or her son Henry as proper heirs to the crown of England.Â
At Edward IV's death in 1483, the lines of succession were as follows:Â
Agnatic/Lancastrian
Edward of the Sanctuary, Prince of Wales (now Edward V)
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York (brother of 1)
Edward, Earl of Warwick (son of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence)
Richard, Duke of Gloucester (paternal uncle of 1-3)
Edward of Middleham, Earl of Salisbury (son of 5)
Cognatic
Edward of the Sanctuary, Prince of WalesÂ
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York (brother of 1)
Elizabeth Plantagenet (eldest sister of 1)
Cecily Plantagenet (sister of 1)
Anne Plantagenet (sister of 1)
Catherine Plantagenet (sister of 1)
Bridget Plantagenet (sister of 1)
Edward, Earl of Warwick (grandson of Anne de Beauchamp; junior line of descent from Isabel le Despenser merged with York)
Margaret of Clarence (elder sister of 8)
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester (paternal uncle of 1-9)
Edward of Middleham, Earl of SalisburyÂ
Anne St. Leger (daughter of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter)
Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk
John de la Pole, Earl of LincolnÂ
Et seq.Â
Cognatic/BeaufortÂ
Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond (granddaughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, through John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset )
Henry Tudor (son of 1 by Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond)
Eleanor Beaufort (granddaughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, through Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset)
Margaret Spencer (elder daughter of 3)
Catherine Spencer (younger daughter of 3)
Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (great-grandson of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, through Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset)
Anne Beaufort (granddaughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, through Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset)
(unnamed Paston children of 7)
Joan Beaufort (granddaughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, through Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset)
Nicholas St Lawrence (son of 9)
Thomas St Lawrence (son of 9)
James III of Scotland (grandson of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, through Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland)
James, Duke of Rothesay (son of 12)
James Stewart, Duke of Ross (son of 12)Â
John Stewart, Earl of Mar (son of 12)Â
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany (brother of 12)
Richard III, while still Lord Protector, declared the children of Edward IV illegitimate, thereby barring all of them from succession. He also confirmed the act of attainder against George Duke of Clarence, barring Clarence's children's claims. This effectively removed everyone ahead of him in both agnatic and cognatic lines of succession. At his death in 1485, these were the lines of succession:Â
Agnatic/Lancastrian
Edward, Earl of Warwick
Yes, just him. He was literally the last man standing.Â
Cognatic/Yorkist
Elizabeth Plantagenet (eldest daughter of Edward IV)
Cecily Plantagenet (sister of 1)
Anne Plantagenet (sister of 1)
Catherine Plantagenet (sister of 1)
Bridget Plantagenet (sister of 1)
Edward, Earl of Warwick
Margaret of Clarence
Anne St. Leger (daughter of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter)
Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk
John de la Pole, Earl of LincolnÂ
Et seq.Â
Cognatic/Beaufort
Margaret Beaufort (granddaughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, through John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset )
Henry Tudor (son of 1)
Eleanor Beaufort (granddaughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, through Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset)
Margaret Spencer (elder daughter of 3)
Catherine Spencer (younger daughter of 3)
Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (son of Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham)
Et seq.Â
So, as is obvious from the above, Henry Tudor's claim to the throne of England was attenuated, in the female line, which the Lancastrians side-eyed pretty hard, and also barred by an act of Parliament of Henry IV. But he claimed his right by conquest, so bloodlines were largely irrelevant to Henry and his followers.
His marriage to Elizabeth of York ensured that their children would be the most senior line of descent regardless of how the succession was reckoned, i.e. by both the Yorkist method and via the Beaufort line. The Lancastrian line of succession was extinguished by the death of Edward, Earl of Warwick in 1499. Although the Yorkist threat persisted through the reign of Henry VIII, it was much less serious, partly because Henry VIII, as the son of Elizabeth of York, was generally accepted as the rightful/senior heir to the Yorkist crown.Â























