seen from Latvia
seen from United States
seen from South Africa
seen from Germany
seen from Germany
seen from Saudi Arabia
seen from United Kingdom
seen from Germany
seen from China
seen from Indonesia
seen from China
seen from Spain
seen from Malaysia
seen from United States
seen from Sweden
seen from T1
seen from T1
seen from China
seen from T1
seen from Belgium
Don’t you ever give up!!!!!
Rise up. You got this. Look how far you’ve come!
If you’re having a bad day, journal it out, write down those thoughts, give them space. Then bid them farewell, take a day off. Rest. Relax. Then hop on back to it.
Don’t ever give up. Ever.
mrzastudies
It's finally here!!! After months of preparation, we are SO happy to announce that pre-orders for "FOCUS: A COVID-19 Charity Zine" are live! The campaign is live from today until January 15th so go go go 😁 Tell your friends and family so they have a chance to do a good deed and donate to charity (and get a really cool artbook in return😉).
Go check out our Indiegogo page where you can read all about this passion project, including some FAQs, pricing and how to donate, stretch goals for physical orders, and more: https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/focus-a-covid19-charity-zine
.
.
.
@zinephile @zine-scene @zineapps @eventfeed @faneventshub @zinecenter @welovezines @atozines @zinefans @zinefeed @zinesubmissions @zineseveryday-blog @zinesofthezone @zinetent @zineforall @zinesforhumanity
THYMUS GLAND, T-CELLS & IMMUNITY
- Aiesha Ayaana Hamid
[Art by Me]
Did you know that there is a gland in your body that is responsible for training lymphocytes? If you didn’t, you’re here to find out! It is the thymus gland. The gland plays an important role in the development of our immune system.
Our Immune System is a complex biological system with the ability to recognise and resist a disease. The thymus is an important part of this system.
The thymus is situated in the upper part of the chest- right in between the lungs. It is pinkish grey in colour and is responsible for generating white blood cells known as lymphocytes which produce antibodies. The name ‘thymus’ was given to it as it’s similar in shape of a thyme (herb) leaf.
In this article, we will get into further details about the Thymus gland’s functions.
It forms progenitor cells.
[Image from Google]
Progenitor cells
- are biological cells that are also known as ‘descendants’ of stem cells. Meaning, they tend to differentiate into specialised cells a number of times. The cells derived from these are based on a specific organ/tissue.
Progenitor cells mature into T cells which are involved in fighting against pathogenic and cancerous cells.
[Image from Google]
T lymphocytes
- rise from the Thymus, & hence the name. Fundamentally, lymphocytes are white blood cells that responsible for producing antibodies. They fight against foreign invaders such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. Whenever these pathogens pose a potential threat to the organism it has invaded, some functions are carried out in the organism’s body. This is known as an immune response which occurs in order to defend the organism from harm.
There are different kinds of T-lymphocyte cells which perform their respective functions. The 2 major T-Cells are-:
Helper T-Cells assist other white blood cells and make the (adaptive) immune system alert during an immunologic process. After a foreign particle has been recognised by receptors on their cell surfaces, the Helper cells secrete substances that aid in inducing other T-Cells and B-cells (white blood cells that mature in the bone marrow).
Cytotoxic T-Cells have the special ability to seek and directly kill viruses, bacterial invaders, tumours etc after being primed by antigens. They do so by secreting cytokines-which are signalling protein molecules and have antitumour and antimicrobial effects. They may also produce cytotoxic granules i.e granzymes. Granzymes are proteases (protein enzymes) released by the granules in the cytoplasm of a Cytotoxic T-cell. These enzymes bring about and catalyses a form of programmed cell death known as apoptosis and thus, eliminates the unwanted/ virally infected cells or tumours.
Our immune system also has other important T-Cells. Memory T-Cells for example, are antigen specific.
After an encounter with an antigen that’s associated with a pathogen, they expand large amounts of T-Cells which are able to combat that specific pathogen. These T-Cells remain in the body long after the infection has perished. Therefore, providing ‘memory’ against past infections in order to respond to it fast in case there is another attack.
Another kind of T-cells are regulatory T-Cells. They release anti-inflammatory cytokines to regulate the immune functions and are crucial in preventing autoimmunity.
Training T-Cells
The immature T-Cells enter the thymus in the outer portion called the cortex. Here, the cells are taught to recognise antigens by the process of positive selection.
UNDERSTANDING THE TERMS:
• Positive selection- This process ensures that T-Cells are able to interact with antigen MHC and peptide complexes on the surface of infected cells in order to effect immune responses.
• MHC- Major Histocompatibility Complexes are large loci found in the DNA or vertebrates. They code for cell surface proteins.
Thymic Involution: A Mysterious Phenomenon
The human thymus gland will not function throughout an entire lifetime. Although it has a big responsibility i.e protecting the body from autoimmunity, which occurs when the immune system turns against itself- it is only active until puberty. The shrinking of the thymus gland over time is called thymic involution. As the process plays out, the immune system weakens. Hence, the rates of cancer, infection, and autoimmune disorders increase. Over time, most of the thymus converts into fatty tissue. By the age of 50, only about 15% of the thymus remains. By about 75, the average human thymus weighs only 6g and is yellow in colour. Thymic involution is not directly caused by aging, so anatomists cannot truly explain why it disintegrates.
Major Role of Thymus In Pregnancy:
The immune system of a mother must be adapted such that it does not react strongly and reject the fetus (half of whose genes come from the father, thus making it a partially foreign object). On the other hand, the immune system must provide effective protection against infection. The removal of thymus in infancy results in premature onset of decline in immune competency, often such individuals are susceptible for infectious diseases in their prolonged lifespan.
Generally, it is believed that the thymus decreases in size during pregnancy in animals. This results in an increase in release of regulatory T-cells and hence-weakening of the immune response- allowing the mother to tolerate the foetus but also protect the mother from infections.
There was this report to make to educate the student population posted in our lab on "what to look out for in a urine wet mount (=fresh urine drop under the microscope)." Hope it would be of benefit to our tumblr community. ☺️
CELLS AND STRUCTURES
Urine is significant of infection if WBCs appear more than 10 per high power field.
RBCs are smaller than WBCs, more refractive, round m forms
Sperms and fat globules are occasional findings with no role in Infectious diseases.
ORGANISMS;
CRYSTALS;
In cases where calculi (renal stones) are suspected.
And in Certain metabolic disorders. E.g. : Cystinuria, Tyrosinemia, e.t.c.
CASTS IN URINE:
Cylindrical structures.
Encountered in renal pathologies
Yes and I ask you with all my heart
So my aunt is studying for her exams (she's an anesthesiologist) and i drew this as a good luck charm
And yes, the one in the first panel is me.
But once in a while, I catch myself Once in a while, I ask myself What am I doing? - #timeflies #mandatory #mandatoryselfie #medico #doctor #feelsgood #surgery #traumasurgery #emergencyOT #generalsurgery #medicine #life #medicinelife #medstudent #medicineschool #excitement #doctorsofinstagram #2ndyear #mbbslife #georgian #firstandlast #lucknowites #timebeing #spotify #timeflies (at Trauma Center KGMC Lucknow) https://www.instagram.com/p/ByxvYuKnkbO/?igshid=ir2fz0d5a24i
@Regran_ed from @drdandyhere - Last line gave me goosebumps. The Subtitles were added by an expert who understands the language of Gorillas and I was not able to locate the actual source of this footage. . . . . . #doctorsofinstagram #universalguidance #selflove #animalrights #psychologystudent #thirdeyeopen #spiritualrevolution #thirdeyevision #manifesting #lawofvibration #blogger #chakra #knowledgeofself #bookstagram #higherself #awakening #holistic #herbalife #healing #meditation #mentalhealth #healingquotes #indianblogger #divinetiming #thehigherself #spirituality #holistichealth #gorilla #gorillalanguage https://www.instagram.com/p/BrjILNLHQbS/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=2nd792h0zpuv
